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Haematology > Haemopoiesis and lymph > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis and lymph Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Define haemopoiesis and what does it encompass

A
  • the formation of red cells, platelets, white cells

Includes

  • erythropoiesis
  • thrombopoiesis
  • leucopoiesis
  • granulopoiesis
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2
Q

What is the first cell type to reduce in numbers when haemopoeisis is halted?

A
  • neutrophils
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3
Q

What are platelets formed from?

A
  • budding of the cytoplasm of megakarocyte

- under the influence of thrombopoieitn (TPO)

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4
Q

What is a myelocyte

A
  • nucleated precursor between neutrophil and myeloblast
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5
Q

What is a function of a haematopoetic stem cell

A
  • able to self renew
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6
Q

What are the embryonic sites of haemopoeisis?

A
  • originally in the mesoderm at week 5 to week 10
  • yolk sac
  • liver
  • bone marrow by week 16
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7
Q

Where does haemaopoesis occur in the adult?

A
  • axial skeleton
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8
Q

What occurs to the sites of haemopoeisis as you age?

A
  • they are replaced with fat
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9
Q

Where is bone marrow sampled from in the adult?

A
  • iliac crest

- sternum

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10
Q

Where is the bone marrow sampled from in a young child?

A
  • tibia
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11
Q

What does the bone marrow contain?

A
  • cellular components
  • connective tissue matrix
  • vasculature elements
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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the bone marrow?

A
  • nutrient artery

- periosteal artery

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13
Q

Where does blood drain from the bone marrow into?

A
  • venous sinuses
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14
Q

Describe the histology of bone marrow sinusoids

A
  • discontinous capillaries

- cells and nutrients can pass through

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15
Q

Explain the myeloid:erythroid ratio

A
  • describes immature to mature cell production
  • erythroid ratio increases in blood loss
  • normal = 1.5:1 - 3.3:1
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16
Q

What are the 3 main factors that influence haemopoiesis

A
  • intrinsic properties
  • signals from immediate surrounds/periphery
  • anatomical areas
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17
Q

What is the main haempoetic growth factor?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • colony stimulating factors (CSF)
18
Q

How is mature non-lymphoid cells assessed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • routine bloods

- bone marrow sampling

19
Q

What is immunophenotyping?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • investigation by expression of antigens on lymphoid cells
  • marked with different fluorescent dyes
  • with flow cytomere % of cell types are calculated
20
Q

How is precursor haemopoetic cells investigated?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • immunophenotyping
  • clongenic expression
  • animal models
21
Q

What antigen is expressed on T lymphocytes?

22
Q

What antigen is expressed of haemopoetic stem cells?

23
Q

When might Colony stimulating factors increase (CSF)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Increase in infection
24
Q

What stimulates platelet production?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • stimulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
25
What forms the secondary lymphoid tissue?
- spleen and the lymph nodes
26
What forms the lymphatic system?
- nodes and vessels
27
What are lymphatic channels?
- collect fluid and take to main circulation | - passive unidirectional flow
28
What is the role of lymph nodes?
- fluid percolates through the node for immune sampling
29
What is the structure of lymph nodes?
- small (up to 2.5cm) oval bodies | - located along the course of lymphatic vessels
30
What is the sentinel lymph node
- the 1st lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread
31
How can the sentinel node be examined?
- using dyes or radioactive isotopes
32
Where are B cells found in the lymph node?
- the follicles
33
Where are plasma cells found in the lymph node?
- deeper in the medulla
34
Where are T cells found in the lymph node?
- intrafollicular tissue
35
Granulomatous lymphadenitis may indicate?
- sarcoidosis | - caseous necrosis = mycobacterial TB until proven otherwise
36
What is lymphoma?
- malignant tumour derived from cells of the immune system
37
What is the most common lymphoma?
- Non-hodgkin lymphoma | B cell most common then T cell
38
Why is it named non-hodgkin lymphoma?
- it doesn't contain reed-sternberg cells
39
What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?
- sinusoids and cords | - act as a filter of blood cells
40
What is the function of white pulp
- located around arterioles - compromises of CD4+ T cells - antigen presenting for immune response
41
Howell jolly bodies is a sign of what?
- spleen removal
42
What forms the germinal centre?
- proliferation of centroblasts

Haematology (14 decks)

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