Haemotopoietic stem cells

Question 1

What are 3 features of stem cells?

Answer 1

Self re-new
Longevity
Differentiate: make a daughter cell different to themselves

Question 2

Totipotent

Answer 2

A single cell can divide and produce all of the specialised cells in an organ

Question 3

Pluripotent

Answer 3

A cell that can differentiate into any of the 3 germ layers

Question 4

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 4

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Question 5

Plastocyst

Answer 5

First embryonic stage where totipotency can be seen

Question 6

Haematopoietic stem cell

Answer 6

The source of all different cells in the blood e.g. RBC, platelets, leukocytes, macrophages

Question 7

Hydrogen fusion weapon

Answer 7

The exclusion zone was not large enough so people were exposed to atomic radiation.
Skin breaks down, hair falls out, GI bleeding as lining is lost, inability to fight off infection.

Question 8

What tissues are the most susceptible to radiation damage?

Answer 8

Tissues that undergo mitosis

Question 9

Different components of the immune system

Answer 9

Humoural, Cellular, innate (no learning), adaptive (learning)

Question 10

What is humoural immunity?

Answer 10

Immunity mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids e.g. antibodies, complement proteins, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines

Question 11

HI

Cytokines

Answer 11

Proteins that stimulate or inhibit cell differentiation and proliferation

Question 12

HI

Antibodies

Answer 12

Multi chain glycoproteins that are produced by B-lymphocytes and contain a variable region, binding site and constant region

Question 13

HI

Complement

Answer 13

Soluble proteins that complement the action of antibodies, can kill pathogens directly, produced by the liver

Question 14

Leukocytes

Answer 14

Nucleated blood cells

Question 15

What are the 3 main cells of the immune system

Answer 15

Lymphocytes
Granulocytes
Phagocytes

Question 16

Lymphocytes include:

Answer 16

B cells, T cells, NK cells

Question 17

Granulocytes include:

Answer 17

Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

Question 18

Phagocytes include:

Answer 18

Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils

Question 19

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 19

Small nucleated leukocytes that create specificity in the immune response. Found in the blood, tissue and lymph.
Either T or B cells

Question 20

T cells

Answer 20

Made in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
Express a specific antigen receptor
Are called alpha,beta TCR or Gamma, delta TCR
Important for:
Regulating adaptive memory
Killing virally infected cells
Enhance B cell response and phagocyte killing of intracellular bacteria

Question 21

Di George syndrome

Answer 21

No mature T cells produced
Thymus does not develop properly 
Immunoglobulin levels disturbed 
Pneumonia, diarrhoea
Immunoglobulin levels disturbed 

Treatment: prophylactic antibodies
Thymus transplant is not adequate as this will produce T cells that are incompatible with the host cells- all cells would be recognised as foreign

Question 22

B cells

Answer 22

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Produced and mature within the bone marrow
Express immunoglobulin as the surface antigen and receptor antigen
B cells and antibodies attack extracellular pathogens

Question 23

X linked infantile

Answer 23

Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Inability to produce immunoglobulin
Patients show recurrent bacterial infection
Treatment: bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant, immunoglobulin therapy, prophylactic antibodies

Question 24

What does adaptive immunity show?

Answer 24

Learning
Memory
Specific antigen receptors

Question 25

What does innate immunity show?

Answer 25

No capacity to learn No memory NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, complement

Question 26

Phagocytes: neutrophils

Answer 26

phagocytes and granulocytes single multi-lobed nucleus Fine granules contain proteases and antimicrobial effector molecules

Question 27

Chemotaxis

Answer 27

Neutrophils move to the site of infection by following a chemical gradient.

Question 28

Granulocytes: Eosinophil

Answer 28

Can be stained with eosin Responsible for killing parasites that cannot be digested Bind antibody coated parasites, dissolve the cell surface

Question 29

Basophils and mast cells

Answer 29

Basophils are circulating cells but mast cells inhabit the mucosa and connective tissue Involved in the acute inflammatory response Important in allergy and hypersensitivity Expel lung parasites

Question 30

Morula

Answer 30

Bundle of cells

Question 31

How do you create a host/pseudo pregnant mother?

Answer 31

Fertilisation, bundle of cells, stem cell behaviour as cells differentiate, morula broken up into single cells and implanted into host/pseudo mother