HAI & antibiotics Flashcards by Andrew Norwalt

What percentage of hospital patients experience hospital-acquired infections (HAI) according to the CDC?
- A) 1 in 15
- B) 1 in 20
- C) 1 in 31
- D) 1 in 50

Answer: C) 1 in 31

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Which of the following is NOT a common source of HAI?
- A) Central line-associated sepsis
- B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia
- C) Appendectomy
- D) Clostridium difficile infections

Answer: C) Appendectomy

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Which of the following are common risk factors for hospital-acquired infections? select 2
- A) Older age
- B) Mechanical ventilatory support
- C) Short hospital stay
- D) Strong immune system
  Answer: A) Older age, B) Mechanical ventilatory support

Answer: A) Older age, B) Mechanical ventilatory support

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Which of the following are types of surgical site infections (SSI)?
- A) Superficial incisional
- B) Organ or space
- C) Deep incisional
- D) Systemic incisional

Answer: A) Superficial incisional, B) Organ or space, C) Deep incisional

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What is the most common surgical site infection (SSI)?
- A) Superficial incisional
- B) Deep incisional
- C) Organ or space
- D) All of the above

Answer: A) Superficial incisional

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Which pathogen is most commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections?
- A) Staphylococcus
- B) Streptococcus
- C) Pseudomonas
- D) E. coli

Answer: A) Staphylococcus

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Which of the following is a risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI)?
- A) Diabetes
- B) Short hospital stay
- C) Clean surgical wound
- D) Adequate glycemic control

Answer: A) Diabetes

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Which type of surgical wound involves spillage of contents from an internal organ?
- A) Clean
- B) Clean-contaminated
- C) Contaminated
- D) Dirty

Answer: C) Contaminated

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What percentage of surgical site infections (SSIs) are potentially preventable?
- A) 10%
- B) 25%
- C) 50%
- D) 75%
  Answer: C) 50%

Answer: C) 50%

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Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for antibiotic prophylaxis during surgery?
- A) Administer antibiotics within 1 hour of incision
- B) Use the newest antibiotics available
- C) Ensure adequate bactericidal concentration in tissues
- D) Re-dose antibiotics for prolonged procedures

Answer: B) Use the newest antibiotics available

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What is the main goal of preoperative prophylaxis?
- A) Prevent surgical errors
- B) Ensure complete sterilization of the operating room
- C) Achieve adequate bactericidal concentration in serum and tissues during surgery
- D) Reduce patient anxiety

Answer: C) Achieve adequate bactericidal concentration in serum and tissues during surgery

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Which of the following antibiotics is typically administered before surgery to prevent infection?
- A) Penicillin
- B) Cefazolin
- C) Metronidazole
- D) Ciprofloxacin

Answer: B) Cefazolin

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What is the common adverse reaction to vancomycin administration?
- A) Rash
- B) Nephrotoxicity
- C) Diarrhea
- D) All of the above

Answer: D) All of the above

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Which of the following pathogens is most likely to cause bloodstream infections and endocarditis in hospital settings?
- A) Pseudomonas
- B) E. coli
- C) MRSA
- D) Streptococcus

Answer: C) MRSA

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Which antibiotic class inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?
- A) Beta-lactams
- B) Aminoglycosides
- C) Fluoroquinolones
- D) Metronidazole

Answer: A) Beta-lactams

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Which generation of cephalosporins has the best penetration of the blood-brain barrier?
- A) 1st
- B) 2nd
- C) 3rd
- D) 4th

Answer: D) 4th

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What is the main adverse reaction associated with fluoroquinolones?
- A) Cartilage damage/tendon rupture
- B) Nephrotoxicity
- C) Ototoxicity
- D) Hypersensitivity

Answer: A) Cartilage damage/tendon rupture

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What is the mechanism of action for metronidazole?
- A) Inhibits DNA protein synthesis
- B) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- C) Forms toxic byproducts that damage DNA
- D) Inhibits ribosomal protein synthesis

Answer: C) Forms toxic byproducts that damage DNA

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Which of the following antibiotics should be avoided in patients with a known allergy to penicillin?
- A) Cefazolin
- B) Metronidazole
- C) Amoxicillin
- D) Ciprofloxacin

Answer: C) Amoxicillin

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Which of the following describes deep incisional surgical site infections?
- A) Occurs only on the surface of the skin
- B) Occurs beneath the incision area in muscles and surrounding tissues
- C) Occurs only in organs or spaces between organs
- D) Occurs as a result of superficial wounds

Answer: B) Occurs beneath the incision area in muscles and surrounding tissues

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Which organism is commonly found in ventilator-associated pneumonia? mulitple choice
- A) Staphylococcus aureus
- B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D) Clostridium difficile

Answer: B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative)
- A) Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive).

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Which of the following is a major risk factor for urinary catheter-associated UTIs?
- A) Short hospital stay
- B) Older age
- C) Use of central venous lines
- D) Immunosuppression

Answer: B) Older age

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What is the main cause of Clostridium difficile infections in hospital settings?
- A) Improper hand hygiene
- B) Contaminated water
- C) Overuse of antibiotics
- D) Blood transfusions
  *

*Answer:** C) Overuse of antibiotics

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Which of the following is the appropriate timing for administering surgical prophylactic antibiotics?
- A) After surgery begins
- B) Within 1 hour of incision
- C) After surgery has ended
- D) At the time of hospital admission

Answer: B) Within 1 hour of incision

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25. **Which type of wound involves evidence of infection at the time of surgery?** - A) Clean wound - B) Contaminated wound - C) Dirty wound - D) Clean-contaminated wound

**Answer:** C) Dirty wound

26. **Which infection control practice is essential to preventing hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?** - A) Use of gloves alone - B) Hand hygiene - C) Sterile surgical gowns only - D) Isolation of patients

**Answer:** B) Hand hygiene

27. **Which of the following is NOT a part of the patient history that indicates possible infection?** - A) Night sweats - B) Productive cough - C) Increased appetite - D) Dysuria

**Answer:** C) Increased appetite

28. **Which surgical antibiotic is commonly re-dosed for prolonged procedures?** - A) Ciprofloxacin - B) Cefazolin - C) Metronidazole - D) Vancomycin

**Answer:** B) Cefazolin

29. **Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with surgical site infections (SSI)?** - A) Redness - B) Fever - C) Delayed healing - D) Increased energy levels

**Answer:** D) Increased energy levels

30. **Which surgical procedure is more prone to hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?** - A) Emergency surgery - B) Clean surgery - C) Appendectomy - D) Dental surgery

**Answer:** A) Emergency surgery

31. **What is the role of glycemic control in the prevention of surgical site infections?** - A) Maintaining blood sugar levels below 100 mg/dL - B) Preventing infections with glucose levels below 200 mg/dL - C) Increasing insulin post-surgery - D) No impact on infection rates

**Answer:** B) Preventing infections with glucose levels below 200 mg/dL

32. **Which of the following is a common side effect of aminoglycosides?** - A) Ototoxicity - B) Increased heart rate - C) Gastrointestinal upset - D) Seizures

**Answer:** A) Ototoxicity

33. **Which antibiotic class is typically reserved for resistant infections in hospital settings?** - A) Cephalosporins - B) Penicillins - C) Carbapenems - D) Metronidazole

**Answer:** C) Carbapenems

34. **What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in relation to antibiotics?** - A) The time it takes for antibiotics to reach the bloodstream - B) The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible bacterial growth - C) The concentration at which an antibiotic becomes ineffective - D) The maximum concentration tolerated by the patient

**Answer:** B) The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible bacterial growth

. **Which of the following are common hospital-acquired infections?** (Select all that apply) - A) Urinary catheter-associated UTI - B) Surgical site infections - C) Appendicitis - D) Hospital-acquired pneumonia

**Answer:** A) Urinary catheter-associated UTI, B) Surgical site infections, D) Hospital-acquired pneumonia

**Which of the following are common risk factors for developing hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Older age - B) Short hospital stays - C) Multiple chronic illnesses - D) Direct contact with contaminated surfaces

**Answer:** A) Older age, C) Multiple chronic illnesses, D) Direct contact with contaminated surfaces

**Which of the following infections are associated with central line use?** (Select all that apply) - A) Central line-associated sepsis - B) Urinary catheter-associated UTI - C) Surgical site infections - D) Bloodstream infections

**Answer:** A) Central line-associated sepsis, D) Bloodstream infections

**Which antibiotics are effective against gram-positive bacteria?** (Select all that apply) - A) Vancomycin - B) Penicillin - C) Ciprofloxacin - D) Gentamycin

**Answer:** A) Vancomycin, B) Penicillin

**Which bacteria are often responsible for causing surgical site infections (SSI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Staphylococcus aureus - B) Escherichia coli - C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa - D) Streptococcus

**Answer:** A) Staphylococcus aureus, C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, D) Streptococcus

**What are some common risk factors for surgical site infections (SSI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Overweight - B) Immunocompromised status - C) Short surgery duration - D) Smoking

**Answer:** A) Overweight, B) Immunocompromised status, D) Smoking

**Which of the following factors increase the risk of surgical site infections (SSI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Poor wound hygiene - B) Lack of antibiotic prophylaxis - C) Short surgery duration - D) Older age

**Answer:** A) Poor wound hygiene, B) Lack of antibiotic prophylaxis, D) Older age

**Which of the following antibiotics require redosing in prolonged surgeries?** (Select all that apply) - A) Cefazolin - B) Vancomycin - C) Metronidazole - D) Penicillin

**Answer:** A) Cefazolin, B) Vancomycin

**Which of the following are strategies to prevent hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Hand hygiene - B) Proper sterile technique during surgery - C) Limiting hospital stays - D) Regular staff training on infection control

**Answer:** A) Hand hygiene, B) Proper sterile technique during surgery, D) Regular staff training on infection control

**What are adverse reactions associated with fluoroquinolones?** (Select all that apply) - A) Cartilage damage - B) Tendon rupture - C) Nephrotoxicity - D) QT interval prolongation

**Answer:** A) Cartilage damage, B) Tendon rupture, D) QT interval prolongation

. **Which conditions could lead to increased hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Lack of infection control practices - B) High pathogen prevalence in the community - C) Use of antibiotics during surgery - D) Infrequent cleaning of hospital environments

**Answer:** A) Lack of infection control practices, B) High pathogen prevalence in the community, D) Infrequent cleaning of hospital environments

**What are the adverse effects of vancomycin?** (Select all that apply) - A) Red man syndrome - B) redness at injection site - C) Rash - D) Nephrotoxicity

**Answer:** A) Red man syndrome, B) redness at injection site, D) Nephrotoxicity

. **Which of the following symptoms indicate the presence of surgical site infections (SSI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Redness - B) Fever - C) Pain at the site of incision - D) Increased range of motion

**Answer:** A) Redness, B) Fever, C) Pain at the site of incision

**What are some methods to prevent surgical site infections (SSI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Administering prophylactic antibiotics - B) Maintaining proper sterile techniques - C) Ensuring shorter surgery durations - D) Limiting preoperative fasting

**Answer:** A) Administering prophylactic antibiotics, B) Maintaining proper sterile techniques

**Which of the following factors are commonly associated with an increased risk of hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Prolonged hospital stays - B) Inadequate infection control practices - C) Older age - D) High immune system activity

**Answer:** A) Prolonged hospital stays, B) Inadequate infection control practices, C) Older age

**Which of the following recommendations are part of the Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection (2017)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Administer parenteral antibiotics when indicated - B) Achieve perioperative glucose levels below 200 mg/dL - C) Soak prosthetic devices in antibiotic solution - D) Use alcohol-based antiseptic for intraoperative skin preparation

**Answer:** A) Administer parenteral antibiotics when indicated, B) Achieve perioperative glucose levels below 200 mg/dL, D) Use alcohol-based antiseptic for intraoperative skin preparation

Which recommendations are given for the use of non-parenteral antibiotics during surgery?** (Select all that apply) - A) No recommendation for antibiotic irrigation - B) No recommendation for soaking prosthetic devices in antibiotic solution - C) Antibiotic ointments should be applied to the incision - D) Alcohol-based antiseptics are preferred for skin preparation

**Answer:** A) No recommendation for antibiotic irrigation, B) No recommendation for soaking prosthetic devices in antibiotic solution

**Which surgical site infection (SSI) is most likely to occur after gastrointestinal surgery?** - A) Superficial incisional SSI - B) Deep incisional SSI - C) Organ or space SSI - D) Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)

**Answer:** C) Organ or space SSI

**Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which aminoglycosides achieve bacterial kill?** - A) Disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis - B) Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis - C) Disruption of DNA replication - D) Prevention of folic acid synthesis

**Answer:** B) Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis

. **What is the major benefit of utilizing the shortest possible course of antibiotic therapy during surgery?** - A) Reduces resistance to antibiotics - B) Minimizes cost of antibiotics - C) Increases patient compliance - D) Prevents postoperative complications

**Answer:** A) Reduces resistance to antibiotics

**Which of the following infections is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation?** - A) Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) - B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) - C) Urinary catheter-associated UTI - D) Surgical site infection

**Answer:** B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

**Which cephalosporin generation provides the broadest spectrum of coverage against gram-negative bacteria?** - A) First generation - B) Second generation - C) Third generation - D) Fourth generation

**Answer:** D) Fourth generation

**Which bacteria are most likely to exhibit resistance due to altered penicillin-binding proteins?** - A) Escherichia coli - B) Streptococcus pneumoniae - C) Staphylococcus aureus - D) Klebsiella pneumoniae

**Answer:** B) Streptococcus pneumoniae

**Which factor increases the likelihood of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in hospital settings?** - A) Prior use of carbapenems - B) Shorter hospital stay - C) Use of non-invasive procedures - D) Prolonged antibiotic use

**Answer:** D) Prolonged antibiotic use

**Which antibiotic mechanism is responsible for inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV?** - A) Aminoglycosides - B) Fluoroquinolones - C) Beta-lactams - D) Glycopeptides **Answer:** B)

**Answer:** B) Fluoroquinolones

**Why are patients on mechanical ventilators at increased risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia?** - A) Constant exposure to antibiotics - B) Inability to clear secretions effectively - C) High oxygen concentration in the lungs - D) Limited mobility in hospital beds

**Answer:** B) Inability to clear secretions effectively

. **Which of the following is NOT an appropriate strategy for preventing hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infections?** - A) Reducing unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics - B) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers to kill spores - C) Isolating infected patients - D) Practicing enhanced environmental cleaning

**Answer:** B) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers to kill spores

**What is the primary difference between cefazolin (1st generation) and cefepime (4th generation)?** - A) Cefazolin is more effective against gram-negative organisms - B) Cefepime penetrates the blood-brain barrier better than cefazolin - C) Cefazolin is the drug of choice for gonorrhea - D) Cefepime has more severe adverse effects

**Answer:** B) Cefepime penetrates the blood-brain barrier better than cefazolin

. **Why is redosing of antibiotics necessary during long surgeries?** - A) To avoid bacterial resistance - B) To maintain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) - C) To counteract effects of anesthesia - D) To prevent postoperative fever

**Answer:** B) To maintain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

**Which of the following antibiotics can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, especially in older adults?** - A) Ciprofloxacin - B) Vancomycin - C) Gentamycin - D) Metronidazole

**Answer:** C) Gentamycin

**What is the role of beta-lactamase inhibitors when combined with beta-lactam antibiotics?** - A) They increase bacterial permeability to the drug - B) They prevent bacterial enzyme-mediated antibiotic destruction - C) They inhibit bacterial DNA replication - D) They increase the dosage of the antibiotic required for efficacy

**Answer:** B) They prevent bacterial enzyme-mediated antibiotic destruction

15. **Which of the following represents an "organ or space" SSI?** - A) Infection limited to the skin surface - B) Infection deep in the muscle layer - C) Infection occurring in the peritoneal cavity - D) Infection at the incision site

**Answer:** C) Infection occurring in the peritoneal cavity

**Which strategy is commonly used to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)?** - A) Frequent hand washing - B) Elevating the head of the bed - C) Using antibiotics prophylactically - D) Extending ventilation duration

**Answer:** B) Elevating the head of the bed

**Which of the following is NOT typically used for perioperative prophylaxis in surgery?** - A) Cefazolin - B) Metronidazole - C) Vancomycin - D) Clindamycin

**Answer:** D) Clindamycin

**Why is metronidazole effective in treating anaerobic infections?** - A) It targets the bacterial cell wall - B) It produces toxic metabolites in anaerobic bacteria - C) It binds to bacterial ribosomes - D) It prevents bacterial DNA replication

**Answer:** B) It produces toxic metabolites in anaerobic bacteria

**Which of the following organisms is most commonly associated with biofilm formation on medical devices?** - A) Escherichia coli - B) Staphylococcus epidermidis - C) Streptococcus pneumoniae - D) Klebsiella pneumoniae

**Answer:** B) Staphylococcus epidermidis

**Which antibiotic class inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is frequently used as prophylaxis during surgery?** - A) Beta-lactams - B) Aminoglycosides - C) Fluoroquinolones - D) Tetracyclines

**Answer:** A) Beta-lactams

. **What is the most effective method to prevent the spread of Clostridium difficile in a healthcare setting?** - A) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers - B) Administering probiotics - C) Proper handwashing with soap and water - D) Preventive use of antibiotics

**Answer:** C) Proper handwashing with soap and water

**What is the primary target for penicillin’s bactericidal action?** - A) Bacterial ribosomes - B) Bacterial DNA - C) Bacterial cell walls - D) Bacterial RNA

**Answer:** C) Bacterial cell walls

**Which surgical antibiotic class has been associated with an increased risk of colitis?** - A) Cephalosporins - B) Fluoroquinolones - C) Aminoglycosides - D) Tetracyclines

**Answer:** A) Cephalosporins

**What is the recommended prophylactic antibiotic for a patient allergic to penicillin undergoing surgery?** - A) Vancomycin - B) Cefazolin - C) Amoxicillin - D) Clindamycin

**Answer:** D) Clindamycin

**Which of the following is a major cause of postoperative infections following orthopedic surgery?** - A) MRSA - B) Escherichia coli - C) Streptococcus pyogenes - D) Clostridium difficile

**Answer:** A) MRSA

. **Which bacteria are commonly involved in urinary catheter-associated infections?** - A) Escherichia coli - B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa - C) Enterococcus faecalis - D) All of the above

**Answer:** D) All of the above

27. **Which antibiotic is most commonly recommended for preoperative prophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery?** - A) Ciprofloxacin - B) Metronidazole - C) Vancomycin - D) Cefoxitin

**Answer:** B) Metronidazole

**What is the major role of oxygenation in preventing surgical site infections?** - A) Inhibiting bacterial replication - B) Promoting wound healing - C) Enhancing immune function in tissues - D) Directly killing bacteria

**Answer:** B) Promoting wound healing

**Why are beta-lactam antibiotics often ineffective against MRSA?** - A) MRSA produces beta-lactamase - B) MRSA alters penicillin-binding proteins - C) MRSA has thicker cell walls - D) MRSA has altered DNA gyrase

**Answer:** B) MRSA alters penicillin-binding proteins

**Which factor significantly increases the risk of Clostridium difficile infection following surgery?** - A) Preoperative fasting - B) Postoperative opioid use - C) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics - D) Use of localized anesthetics

**Answer:** C) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics

. **Which of the following is a key adverse effect associated with the use of carbapenems?** - A) Prolongation of the QT interval - B) Seizures - C) Hemolytic anemia - D) Hepatotoxicity **Answer:** B) Seizures

**Answer:** B) Seizures this is due to binding with depakote, so situational

**Why is the use of newer antibiotics generally discouraged unless absolutely necessary?** - A) They have higher toxicity levels - B) They promote resistance to older, more common antibiotics - C) They are too expensive for regular use - D) They take longer to administer

**Answer:** B) They promote resistance to older, more common antibiotics

**Which bacterial infection is most commonly acquired in a hospital setting and associated with prolonged antibiotic use?** - A) Clostridium difficile - B) Escherichia coli - C) Streptococcus pneumoniae - D) Staphylococcus aureus

**Answer:** A) Clostridium difficile

**Which of the following are common pathogens in surgical site infections (SSI) following orthopedic surgery?** - A) Enterococcus faecalis - B) Staphylococcus aureus - C) Clostridium difficile - D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

**Answer:** B) Staphylococcus aureus

**Why is vancomycin the drug of choice for treating MRSA infections in hospitals?** - A) It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis - B) It inhibits bacterial DNA replication - C) It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis - D) It targets bacterial ribosomes

**Answer:** C) It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

. **Which of the following contribute to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Inability to clear respiratory secretions - B) Prolonged mechanical ventilation - C) Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics - D) Use of non-invasive ventilation techniques

**Answer:** A) Inability to clear respiratory secretions, B) Prolonged mechanical ventilation, C) Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics

**Which of the following conditions increase the risk of surgical site infections (SSI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Diabetes - B) Obesity - C) Immunosuppression - D) Prolonged surgery duration

**Answer:** A) Diabetes, B) Obesity, C) Immunosuppression, D) Prolonged surgery duration

**Which of the following antibiotics can cause "red man syndrome" as a side effect?** (Select all that apply) - A) Vancomycin - B) Ciprofloxacin - C) Metronidazole - D) None of the above

**Answer:** A) Vancomycin

**Which of the following antibiotics are effective against anaerobic infections?** (Select all that apply) - A) Metronidazole - B) Clindamycin - C) Vancomycin - D) Amoxicillin

**Answer:** A) Metronidazole, B) Clindamycin

**Which bacteria are common causes of bloodstream infections associated with central lines?** (Select all that apply) - A) Coagulase-negative staphylococci - B) Enterococcus faecalis - C) Klebsiella pneumoniae - D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

**Answer:** A) Coagulase-negative staphylococci, B) Enterococcus faecalis, C) Klebsiella pneumoniae

**Which of the following are mechanisms by which bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics?** (Select all that apply) - A) Mutation of target sites - B) Efflux pump overexpression - C) Horizontal gene transfer - D) Capsule formation

**Answer:** A) Mutation of target sites, B) Efflux pump overexpression, C) Horizontal gene transfer

**Which of the following antibiotic classes inhibit bacterial protein synthesis?** (Select all that apply) - A) Aminoglycosides - B) Macrolides - C) Beta-lactams - D) Tetracyclines

**Answer:** A) Aminoglycosides, B) Macrolides, D) Tetracyclines

**What are some ways that hospital staff can prevent the spread of Clostridium difficile?** (Select all that apply) - A) Isolating infected patients - B) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers - C) Cleaning rooms with bleach-based solutions - D) Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE)

**Answer:** A) Isolating infected patients, C) Cleaning rooms with bleach-based solutions, D) Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE

**Which of the following factors contribute to the rise of antibiotic-resistant organisms in hospitals?** (Select all that apply) - A) Inappropriate use of antibiotics - B) Over-prescription of antibiotics - C) Delayed infection control practices - D) Lack of patient education

**Answer:** A) Inappropriate use of antibiotics, B) Over-prescription of antibiotics, C) Delayed infection control practices

**Which of the following bacteria are frequently implicated in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)?** (Select all that apply) - A) Escherichia coli - B) Proteus mirabilis - C) Enterococcus faecalis - D) Staphylococcus aureus

**Answer:** A) Escherichia coli, B) Proteus mirabilis, C) Enterococcus faecalis

**Which of the following surgical procedures are at higher risk of postoperative infection?** (Select all that apply) - A) Abdominal surgery - B) Hip replacement surgery - C) Neurosurgery - D) Cardiac surgery

**Answer:** A) Abdominal surgery, B) Hip replacement surgery, D) Cardiac surgery

. **Which of the following factors enhance bacterial resistance in hospital-acquired infections?** (Select all that apply) - A) Incomplete antibiotic courses - B) Excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics - C) Infrequent hand hygiene by healthcare workers - D) Use of multiple antibiotics in combination therapy

**Answer:** A) Incomplete antibiotic courses, B) Excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, C) Infrequent hand hygiene by healthcare workers

**Which organisms are commonly responsible for surgical site infections (SSI) after gastrointestinal surgery?** (Select all that apply) - A) Bacteroides fragilis - B) Escherichia coli - C) Clostridium difficile - D) Staphylococcus aureus

**Answer:** A) Bacteroides fragilis, B) Escherichia coli

**Which of the following represent effective methods to reduce the spread of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) in hospital settings?** (Select all that apply) - A) Regular surveillance cultures - B) Antimicrobial stewardship programs - C) Isolation of colonized patients - D) Routine use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers

**Answer:** A) Regular surveillance cultures, B) Antimicrobial stewardship programs, C) Isolation of colonized patients

HAI & antibiotics Flashcards

(100 cards)