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MD2 ID > HAIs > Flashcards

HAIs Flashcards

1
Q

Define HAIs

A

Traditionally occurring >48 hrs after hospital admission, but can also refer to infections with multiresistant organisms acquired in the community

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2
Q

How many HAIs are there in Australia annually?

A

200,000

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3
Q

On average how much does a HAI increase length of hospital stay?

A

2.5x

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4
Q

Give examples of infections commonly spread directly from person-to-person

A

Scabies

Herpes simplex

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5
Q

Give examples of infections commonly spread via a contaminated intermediate object or person

A

MRSA
VRE
Influenza
Norovirus

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6
Q

Give 5 examples of infections spread by droplet transmission

A 
Influenza
Pertussis
SARS
Neisseria meningitidis
Rhinovirus
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7
Q

Characteristics of droplet infection

A

> 5um particles

Drop to ground by ~1m

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8
Q

Characteristics of airborne transmission

A

<5um particles

Stay suspended in the air and can be inhaled by susceptible hosts over long distances

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of infections spread by airborne transmission

A

TB
Measles
Varicella

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10
Q

Primary mode of spread of MRSA

A

Contaminated hands of healthcare workers

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11
Q

Give 4 examples of multi-resistant GNRs

A

Klebsiella
Acinetobacter
Enterobacter
Pseudomonas

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12
Q

What are the most common demographics infected with multi-resistant GNRs?

A

Community

Returned travellers

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13
Q

What are the 6 main sites and types of infection in HAIs?

A 
Surgical site
IV line associated
Nosocomial pneumonia (often ventilator associated)
Catheter associated UTI
Prosthetic joint infection
Diarrhoea
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14
Q

5 major hospital associated bacterial pathogens

A 
MRSA
VRE
Multiresistant GNRs
C. difficile
TB
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15
Q

4 major hospital associated viral pathogens

A

Respiratory viruses e.g. influenza
Norovirus
Varicella
Measles

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16
Q

2 major hospital associated fungal pathogens

A

Aspergillus

Candida

17
Q

What type of infection does norovirus cause?

A

Gastroenteritis

18
Q

How is norovirus spread?

A

Contaminated food or water
Touching contaminated surfaces
Via droplets from vomitus

19
Q

How do you establish whether an outbreak has occurred?

A

Subtype pathogen

Try to identify source

20
Q

When is it not appropriate to use alcohol based handwash products?

A

If hands visibly soiled

If pt has norovirus or C. diff

21
Q

5 moments of hand hygiene

A 
Before touching a pt
Before procedure
After procedure or body fluid exposure risk
After touching pt
After touching pt's surroundings
22
Q

When are standard precautions used?

A

For all pts at all times when risk of exposure to blood, all body fluids (except sweat), non-intact skin and mucous membranes

23
Q

What equipment is used in standard precautions?

A

Gloves, gowns, goggles

24
Q

What are contact precautions?

A

Use of gowns and gloves for all pt contact

25
Q

When are contact precautions used? Give 4 examples

A

Diarrhoea
Excessive wound drainage
Multidrug resistant organisms
Respiratory viruses

26
Q

What additional piece of equipment is required for droplet precautions?

A

Surgical masks

27
Q

When are droplet precautions used? Give 3 examples

A

Pertussis
Meningococcus
Respiratory viruses

28
Q

When is a single room appropriate?

A

For anything above standard precautions (contact, droplet, airborne)
Airborne precautions room should have door closed

29
Q

What piece of equipment is specific to airborne precautions?

A

Negative pressure ventilation using N95 mask

30
Q

When are airborne precautions used? Give 5 examples

A 
TB
Varicella
Measles
Pandemic influenza
SARS
31
Q

What are 2 ways decolonisation can be achieved?

A

Nasal mupirocin for Staph aureus (incl MRSA)

Chlorhexidine

32
Q

What are “bundles” of care?

A

3-5 evidence based processes tied together as a bundle (e.g. central line bundle, ventilator bundle, MRSA bundle), where compliance is “all or nothing”
Designed to reduce HAIs

33
Q

What is the goal of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and how is this achieved?

A

Prevention of surgical site infection

Ensure maximal concentration at time of incision (usually via single dose)

34
Q

When is surgical antibiotic prophylaxis used? Give examples

A

If significant risk of infection (e.g. colonic resection)

If infection has devastating consequences (e.g. prosthetic joint infection)

35
Q

What 6 vaccinations should healthcare workers have to prevent risk of infection?

A 
Influenza
Hep B
MMR
Varicella
Hep A and pertussis in certain groups
36
Q

List 6 important preventative measures for HAIs

A 
Hand hygiene
Abx stewardship
Transmission precautions
Bundles
Environmental cleaning
Abx prophylaxis

MD2 ID (8 decks)

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