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Science > Half Yearly YR8 > Flashcards

Half Yearly YR8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the nose (WFM)

A

it warms, filters and Moisture’s air before it reaches the lungs

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2
Q

what is the function of the pharynx
(silly, dirty)

A

lined with cilia (little hairs) that trap dust particles

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3
Q

what is the function of the larynx
(laaaaaa)

A

contains the vocal cords for speech

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4
Q

what is the function of the trachea

A

pipe leading to the lungs

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5
Q

what is the function of the bronchial tube

A

pipes leading to the lungs

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6
Q

what is the function of the alveoli (have and gas exchange..)

A

air sacs that have thin walls and allow oxygen to pass into the blood and co2 to pass into the aveloli (gas exchange)

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7
Q

what is the function of the diaphragm
(air in and out) and why

A

air in= contracts and moves downwards>increases volume and decreasses pressure-bringing air in
air out=relaxes and moves upwards>decraeses volume and increases pressure-pushing air out

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8
Q

what is the function of the intercostal muscles
(rib cage)

A

muscles contract and relax to change the size of the rib cage

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9
Q

what is the function of the bronciole

A

tubes that lead into lungs from the broncus

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10
Q

how does gas exchange in the aveolus occur by diffusion?

A

The walls of the alveoli share a membrane with the capillaries.

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11
Q

what are the 3 kinds of blood vessells?

A

arteries, capillaries and viens

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12
Q

what is the function of arteries
blood type
structure (and why)

A

Function: Carry blood away from the heart.

Blood type: Usually oxygen-rich

Structure: Thick, muscular, and elastic walls to handle high pressure from the heart’s pumping action.

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13
Q

cappillaries:
function
blood pressure
structure
key point (connection)

A

Function: Tiny blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs between blood and tissues.

Structure: Extremely thin walls (one cell thick) to allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste to pass through.

Blood pressure: Drops significantly from arterial levels.

Key Point: Capillaries connect arterioles (small arteries) to venules (small veins).

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14
Q

what is the function of viens
blood pressure
structure
blood type

A

Function: Carry blood back to the heart.

Blood type: Usually oxygen-poor

Structure: valves to prevent backflow

Blood pressure: Low, so veins rely on valves and body movement.

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15
Q

Oxygenated Blood Path:

A

Lungs →

Pulmonary veins →

Left atrium →

Through the bicuspid/mitral valve →

Left ventricle →

Through the aortic valve →

Aorta →

Rest of the body

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16
Q

Deoxygenated Blood Path:

A

Upper body or lower body →

Superior vena cava (upper body) and inferior vena cava (from the lower body) →

Right atrium →

Right ventricle →

Pulmonary artery →

Lungs (blood picks up oxygen here and releases carbon dioxide)

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17
Q

there is more muscle on the _____ because of the higher _____ from the pumping _______

A

LHS
pressure
heart

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18
Q

How does nutrients and waste exchange in the capillaries by diffusion? (only 1 and what)

A

One cell-thick walls = very easy to pass nutrients and collect waste

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19
Q

what is the function of the mouth

A

teeth crushes, tear and grind food into smaller pieces and expose it to enzymes in saliva

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20
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus
(digestive system)

A

muscle moves food downwards using peristalsis

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21
Q

what is the function of the stomach (what’s mechanical and chemical)

A

churns and mixes food using strong muscular contractions (mechanical digestion).

Then pepsin (breaks proteins) and hydrochloric acid (kills bacteria)-chemical digestion

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22
Q

difference between chemical and mechanical digestion

A

Mechanical:
Physically breaks food into pieces
Chewing, Churning

Chemical:
Breaks food into nutrients
Enzymes, Acids

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23
Q

what is the main purpose of the digestive system (BNA-egc)

A

to break down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use for:

Energy

Growth

Cell repair

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24
Q

Why is digestion of food necessary before absorption can take place?
f=b

A

food= too big and complex for the body to absorb directly.

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25
what is the fuction of the small intestine
absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
26
what is the fuction of the large intestine (absorb form house eliminate)
absorbs water, forms stool, houses beneficial bacteria, eliminates waste from the body.
27
what is the function of the liver(PPSD)
produces bile for fat digestion, processes and stores nutrients, supports metabolism. detoxifies blood,
28
what is the function of the pancreas (makes and controls- hormonal sugar)
makes digestive enzymes to help digestion controls blood sugar levels through hormone production.
29
what is the function of the rectum
stores waste
30
what is the function of the anus
controlled elimination of waste from the body
31
what is the adaptations of the villi and why?? (LTR)
to maximize nutrient absorption large surface area, thin walls, rich blood vessels,
32
what is the main purpose of the respitory system? (bring and remove)
to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide from it.
33
what is the main purpose of the ciculatory system (transport and deliver/remove)
to transport blood throughout the body, delivering essential substances and removing waste.
34
what are the types of blood and their purpose?
Red Blood Cells=Carry oxygen and some CO₂ White Blood Cells =Fight infections and defend body Platelets =Help blood clot to stop bleeding Plasma=Transport nutrients, hormones, wastes
35
what is the bone
Hard tissue that makes up the skeleton
36
what is the cartilage
Covers the ends of bones to reduce friction and absorb shock
37
what is synovial fluid
Lubricates the joint so bones can move easily
38
what is ligament
Connects bone to bone and holds the joint in place
39
what is tendon (connects and allows
Connects muscle to bone, allowing movement when muscles contract
40
what is the main function of the muscular system (Moves, maintains, supports, porduces)
Moves the body by pulling on bones Maintains posture and body position Supports body functions like breathing and digestion Produces heat to help control body temperature
41
what is the main function of the skeletal system (supports, protects, works= produces, produces)
supports the body’s shape and structure Protects vital organs (e.g. brain, heart, lungs) Works with muscles to produce movement Produces blood cells in bone marrow
42
what is Antagonistic Muscle Pairs
only pull, not push. one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to create movement.
43
what is the main purpose of the execratory system (remove and maintain)
removes waste products helping to maintain a stable internal environment.
44
what is the function of the kidney (FBU)
How the kidneys work: 1. Filtering Blood: 2. Balancing Substances: water and salt in blood 3. Urine Production:
45
what is the function of the ureters
Tubes that move urine from each kidney to the bladder
46
what is the function of the bladder
The bladder stores urine temporarily and can hold up to 400 mL.
47
what is the function of the uretha (bladder=??)
urine is excreted from the body through a tube called the urethra, when the bladder is full
48
define excreation
waste products are removed from the body.
49
Outline the excretory function of the lungs (what, how)
What: Carbon dioxide, water vapor How: Exhaled through breathing
50
Outline the excretory function of the liver.
What: Urea, toxins, old cells How: Filters blood, converts wastes, and sends to the kidneys
51
define growth (S&C)
increases the size of the orangism=increase in number of cells
52
define development (m=sc=to)
change in an organism leading to maturity. involves cells differentiating into specialist cells, the specialist cells increase in number to make differnt tissues and organs
53
define repair (restoring dt=dc=nc)
process of restoring damaged tissue to a good condition; this involves replacing damaged cells with new cells
54
outline the role of cell divison in growth, divison and reproduction in multicellular organisms
Growth: Increase in cell number Division: replacement of dead or damaged cells: Reproduction: Production of gametes
55
compare sexual and asexual reproduction (parents, genetic variation, cell division type, speed)
Sexual Asexual Number of Parents Two One Genetic Variation Yes No Cell Division Type Meiosis and mitosis Mitosis Speed of Process Slower Faster
56
compare mitosis and meiosis (Purpose, type of cells produced, number of cell divisions , number of daughter cells, genetic similarity, chromosome number, crossing over, where)
Purpose: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction Production of gametes (sex cells) Type of Cells Produced: Body cells (somatic cells) Sex cells (sperm and eggs) Number of Cell Divisions: One Two Number of Daughter Cells: Two Four Genetic Similarity: Identical Variation Chromosome Number: Diploid (46) Haploid (23) Crossing Over: Does not occur Does in prophase 1 Where It Occurs: In all body (somatic) cells Only in reproductive organs (testes/ovaries)
57
advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction (genetic variation, speed, energy use, offspring count, adaptability)
Genetic Variation: High – due to gene mixing None – offspring are identical clones Speed: Slower Faster Energy Use: High – mating and gamete production needed Low – simple cell division Offspring Count: Fewer at a time Many at a time Adaptability: Greater – good for changing environments Lower – suited to stable environments
58
internal fertilization and external
Internal: fertilisation happens inside the animal external: fertilization happens outside the animal
59
define puberty
a stage in which an individual becomes sexually mature
60
what is the function of the vagina
allows for birth, menstrual flow and sexual intercourse
61
what is the function of the cervix
dilates in labor, hold the uterus closed until the baby is ready for birth
61
what is the function of the uterus
foetus grow inside
61
what is the function of the ovaries
produce eggs and female hormones
61
what is the function of the fallopian tubes
pathway for the egg: fertilization occurs here
62
what is the order of the menstrual cycle, and what days?
1. menstruation 1-5 2. pre-ovulation 6-13 3. ovulation 14 4. post ovulation 15-28
63
a 28 day cycle for menstruation is the ______ for a woman
average
64
which stage is the ovum (egg) released from the ovary
ovulation
65
what is the first half of the menstrual cycle?
follicular phase 1-14
66
what is the second half of the menstrual cycle and what happens?
lutral phase 15-25 The uterus is preparing pregnancy
67
FSH: where it's made role in the ovary role in uterus levels (days)
pituitary gland (brain) helps eggs mature none high 1-7, low after ovulation
67
LH: where it's made role in the ovary role in uterus levels (days)
pituitary gland (brain) triggers ovulation none high (spikes) around 14
67
Oestrogen: where it's made role in the ovary role in uterus levels (days)
A growing follicle in the ovary Helps the eggs mature and suppresses FSH so only 1 egg matures Starts to build the uterine lining for the baby to grow High 6-14, low during menstruation and after ovulation
68
Progesterone: where it's made role in the ovary role in uterus levels (days)
Corpus Luteum (empty follicle) in the ovary No effect on eggs, supports the ovary after ovulation Keeps the uterine lining thick to maintain pregnancy high 15-28, low 1-14
68
what is copulation in humans
the males erect penis is inserted into the females vagina

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