Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards
what happens with more mutations to chromasomes?
the more mutations you get, the more chance you have of effecting a ‘critical’ system- ie becoming malignant
when the cells divide, new cell will have damaged DNA
what is an example of how we are all unique in cancer?
two people could have the same type of cancer but have to be treated in different way as two people may not respond to the same treatments. therefore we have personalised medicine.
what affects cells growth?
*Cells - over/under produce
–Hormones
–Enzymes
–Secretions
–Proteins
–Antibodies
–Etc
what are the original 6 hallmarks of cancer?
1- sustaining proliferative signaling
2- evading growth suppressors
3- activating invasion and metastasis
4-enabling replicative immortality
5- inducing angiogenesis
6- resisting cell death
what are the emerging hallmarks of cancer?
avoiding immune destruction
tumor-promoting inflammation
genome instability
deregulating cellular energetics
what is cellular growth controlled by?
Mitogens – stimulate cell division
(cell cycle)
Growth factors – stimulate cell growth
(cell mass)
Survival Factors – suppress apoptosis
(programmed death)
what are the 3 major components of the cell cycle?
*M Phase (Mitosis)
–Cell division, each daughter cell receives a complement of genetic material and organelles identical to that of the parent cell.
*Interphase –The portion of the cell cycle when cells grow and replicate their DNA
*Checkpoints–Biochemical circuits that regulate cell-cycle transitions in response to
the physiological condition of the cell and signals from its environment.
what is the purpose of checkpoints?
Checkpoints detect damage to the DNA due to external agents or problems that arise during DNA replication and trigger the DNA damage response.
what happens in the S phase?
chromosome duplication
Segregate copies into 2 identical daughter
cells
what happens in the M phase?
*Mitosis phase <1h
–Nuclear division (mitosis)
–Cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
what are the 4 main stages in the cell cycle?
*Cell Cycle = G1 S G2 M
*G Phase (Gap in growth)
*S Phase (Synthesis)
*M Phase (Mitosis)
*Interphase = G1 S G2
what happens in the G 1 phase?
*Cells adapt and grow to normal size during G1 phase
*During this phase cells are repressed and cannot undergo
further division during this phase
when would cells enter the G1 phase?
IF cells have poor nutrition or receive an anti-proliferative
signal they will enter G1 phase
what is the G0 phase?
MANY cells no longer need to divide and grow
*Such cells become specialised cells
*These cells enter G0 phase “cell cycle arrest”
*Cells are still active e.g. producing proteins,
enzymes, motile, secrete etc
can reenter if genes reactivated
give an example of how most cells are quiesecent in G0?
Liver cells are in G0 but if they are damaged they can reverse this and regenerate
