Hallmarks of cancer

Question 1

What is the concept of the hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 1

It is the basic principles of cancer cells and to compartmentalise them in a certain way

Question 2

What did the initial paper on the hallmarks of cancer identify?

Answer 2

The initial paper identified 6 phenotypic changes required for development for most if not all cancers

Question 3

What were the 6 phenotypic changes for the development of most cancer identified by the initial paper?

Answer 3

1. Evading growth suppressors
2. Enabling replicating immorality
3. Angiogenesis
4. Resisting cell death
5. Activating invasion and Metasys
6. Sustaining proliferative signalling

Question 4

What do all these changes give rise to?

Answer 4

These changes give rise to cancer phenotype

Question 5

What also plays a role in resisting cell death?

Answer 5

Mediators for sustained proliferative signalling also plays a role in resisting cell death

Question 6

In 2011, 2 more emerging hallmarks were identified, what were these?

Answer 6

1. Deregulating cellular energetics: cancer cells use different sources for energy needs
2. Avoiding immune destruction – how tumour cells evade immune system

Question 7

What is the definition of the hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 7

Phenotypic changes acquired in the development of cancer

Question 8

What are the updated hallmarks of cancer? hint should be 8

Answer 8

1. Deregulating cellular energetics
2. Sustaining proliferative signalling
3. Evading growth suppressors
4. Avoiding immune destruction
5. Enabling replicative immortality
6. Activating invasion and metastasis
7. Inducing angiogenesis
8. Resisting cell death

Question 9

Signalling of sustained proliferation is usually mediated through?

Answer 9

Signalling is usually mediated through cell surface receptors by binding ligand and causing cascade events, etc and cancer cells can disregulate this

Question 10

Where does proliferation happen at?

Answer 10

Proliferation only happens at very specific events such as wound healing, child to adult, etc

Question 11

What is sustaining proliferative signalling regulated by?

Answer 11

Regulated by paracrine and autocrine signalling

Question 12

What regulates proliferation?

Answer 12

Normal cells tightly regulate proliferation

Question 13

What happens in sustained proliferative signalling of cancer cells? Hint should be 4

Answer 13

1. Increase in growth factor ligand, and increase in growth factor receptor: mutation of GFR
2. Activation of downstream pathways for example RAS, B-Raf, PI3K
3. Disruption of regulatory pathways eg PTEN
4. Activation of oncogenes such as MYC

Question 14

Mitogenic signalling in cancer cells…

Answer 14

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