hallucinogens

Question 1

psychedelics

Answer 1

cause vivid sensations and alter reality but users are still responsive and remember it all

Question 2

Deliriants

Answer 2

vivid but confusing and semi unresponsive

Question 3

dissociative

Answer 3

analgesia, amnesia, catalepsy, fully detached from reality

Question 4

hallucinations

Answer 4

experience involving the perception of something that may not be present

Question 5

illusion

Answer 5

altered and distorted perceptions, thoughts, feelings and insights, awareness

Question 6

Delusion

Answer 6

fixed belief that is unchanged by counter evidence

Question 7

indoleamine

Answer 7

Serotonin like nucleus
-DMT
-Bufotenin
-Psilocybin
-ibogaine
-LSD
-Harmaline and Harmine
-Ayahuasca (DMT and Beta- carbolines)

Question 8

Phenetheythlamine/ catechol

Answer 8

mescaline
-MDMA
-2C drugs

Question 9

Hallucinogen reward

Answer 9

most are not rewarding (some aversive with D2) but muscarinics (deliriant) are. with M2 and 4 (DA soma) and M5 (DA pre synaptic)

Question 10

LSD effect

Answer 10

Has three stages of symptoms
1. mosty physical for 30 min, sympathomimetic, nausea
2. after 30min starts to change perceptions, the novel experience from LC activation, your senses intensify and Synesthesia
3. after 3 hours, the intro section starts with deeper sense of self, disconnection of body and mind

Question 11

LSD reward

Answer 11

No reward, seem to in fact activate D2 and be aversive to animals

Question 12

LSD Novel experiences

Answer 12

From increased 5HT in the LC from 5HTa activation

Question 13

LSD targets

Answer 13

targets 5HT 2A the most which has high density in the PFC and cortex. LSD has a very binding time and strength due to L229 which activates the beta arresting pathway

Question 14

5HT 2A

Answer 14

primary target of hallucinogens as they have a biased agonism towards it. They activate the beta arrestin and MAPK system.
also form complementary signalling with D2 and other receptors which my lead to the aversion

Question 15

PCP

Answer 15

Dissociative from (Amanita muscaria, Salvia divinorum) it blocks NMDARs in the cortex and hippocampus (same as ketamine but for longer)
-5mg, anaesthetic, analgesic, stimulant, hallucinogen
-10mg, muscle rigidity, loss of pain, agitation, combative

Question 16

Ketamine

Answer 16

dissociative very similar to PCP but shorter duration, it blocks NMDARs in the cortex and hippocampus
-5mg, anaesthetic, analgesic, stimulant, hallucinogen
-10mg, muscle rigidity, loss of pain, agitation, combative

Question 17

Ketamine and PCP reward

Answer 17

No direct increase of DA in NAc but they do increase general synthesis and release of DA everywhere

Question 18

ketamine and PCP dependance

Answer 18

Mostly comes from access to the drugs and mostly psychological. only mild reinforcement from DA increase

Question 19

DMT

Answer 19

indolamine, hallucinogen, from P. viridis, A. peregrine, Virola.
-destroyed in the gut
-5-HT 2A/C/1A agonist
-no tolerance
-similar to LSD/Psilocybin

Question 20

Bufotenin

Answer 20

Indolamine, Hallucinogen, from some frogs
-very close to 5HT
-drooling, heart palms, elevated BP and oxygen depletion
-hallucinations come from hypoxia in the optic nerve

Question 21

Psilocybin

Answer 21

Indolamine, Hallucinogen, (from Psilocybe, panaeolus and Conocybe)
-ingested mild version of LSD
-metabolized into psilocin
-rapid tolerance

Question 22

Ibogaine

Answer 22

Indolamine, Hallucinogen
-could block addiction with glial cells factor GDNF in the VTA
-but can destroy your cellebellum

Question 23

Harmaline and Harmine

Answer 23

indoleamine hallucinogens from B. Cappi
-Beta-carboline chemcials
-selective MAO inhibitors
-also inhibit acetylcholinesterase for potential Alzheimers or Parkinson’s treatments

Question 24

Ayahuasca

Answer 24

indoleamine hallucinogen made from DMT and beta-carbolines
-Beta-carbolines inhibit MAO to prolong effect
-can cause vomiting and diarrhea

Question 25

Mescaline

Answer 25

Phenethylamine/ catechol, hallucinogen, from L-williamsii
-smilar to LSD but 4-12 duration
-nausea, vomiting death from convulsions
Nutmeg and mace contain similar chemicals that can also cause hallucinations

Question 26

MDMA

Answer 26

phenethylamine/catachol hallucinogen

Question 27

Anti-cholinergics

Answer 27

Tropane alkaloids, atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine (from Mandragora officinarum, atropa bellabonna, datura stramonium, hyoscyamus niger)
-they block Muscarinic AChHrs and dilate pupils, increase heart rate
-low dose, anxiolytic and sleep
high does, hallucinations, amnesia, paralysis
also need near toxic dose to halluciate
-fatal from hyperthermia, rapid Heart and asphyxia

Question 28

Atropine

Answer 28

propane alkaloid, anti-cholinergic ,hallucinogen

Question 29

scopolamine

Answer 29

tropane alkaloid, anti-cholinergic ,hallucinogen

Question 30

hyoscyamine

Answer 30

propane alkaloid, anti-cholinergic ,hallucinogen

Question 31

salvia divinorum

Answer 31

contains salvinorin A, non alkaloid hallucinogen
-also activates kappa opioid receptors
-mild alteration of consciousness to full trip
-vivid visuals and time detachment
-high does can create brain lesions

Question 32

Amanita muscaria

Answer 32

mushroom that contains isotonic acid and muscimol
-excreted unchanged in urine
-alters body, euphoria and dizziness
-muscimol is GABAa agonist and is dominant for effects
-ibotenic acid binds NMDARs

Question 33

2-C

Answer 33

Phenethylamine derivatives, 5HT agonists and others
-produce hallucinations and are stimulants
Bromo-dragonFLY and N-Benzyl-OXY-Methyl (NBOM)

Question 34

Bromo-dragonFLY (benzodifuran

Answer 34

2-C drug, hallucinogen,
-1-3 day duration
-binds 5HT1 and 2A
major vasoconstriction via alpha adrenergic system
-similar effects to LSD but very narrow TI

Question 35

NBOM

Answer 35

2-C drug, hallucinogen,
-potent at 5HT2a receptors