Haloalkanes

Question 1

What is heterolytic fission

Answer 1

Question 2

What is homolytic fission

Answer 2

Question 3

What is a reaction mechanism

Answer 3

Is a series of steps that show what happens in a chemical reaction.
Shows the movement of a pair of electrons

Question 4

The different types of mechanisms

Answer 4

Free Radical Substitution
Nucleophilic Substitution
Electrophilic Addition
Elimination

Question 5

What is a free radical

Answer 5

A species with an unpaired electrons

Question 6

What is substitution

Answer 6

A reaction where an atom/group replaces another atom/group

Question 7

Steps to free rad sub

Answer 7

1. Initiation
2. Propagation
3. Termination

Question 8

How does an initiation reaction start?

Answer 8

When UV light breaks down Cl2 to form chlorine free radicals

The C-H requires more energy to break than the Cl-Cl

Question 9

Equation for initiation

Answer 9

Question 10

Explain the propagation step

Answer 10

Question 11

Explain termination step

Answer 11

Question 12

What is a nucleophile

Answer 12

Lone pair electron donors

This is because the halogen atom is more electronegative than carbon atoms and so the C of the C-H bone is delta positive

Question 13

How is the rate of reaction affected by the strength of the halogen bond?

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the different reagents in nucleophilic substitution

Answer 14

NaOH
KCN
NH3

Question 15

Conditions for NaOH

Answer 15

Aqueous, warm

Question 16

Mechanism for NaOH

Answer 16

Question 17

What is the condition for KCN

Answer 17

Ethanolic, warm

Question 18

Mechanism for KCN

Answer 18

Question 19

Conditions for NH3

Answer 19

Excess concentrated ammonia dissolved in ethanol pressure in a sealed container

Question 20

Mechanism for NH3

Answer 20

Question 21

Reagent used in elimination reaction

Answer 21

KOH

Question 22

What does the OH act as in elimination.

Answer 22

Base

Question 23

What does OH act as in a substitution reaction

Answer 23

Nucleophile

Question 24

Conditions for KOH or NaOH in elimination

Answer 24

Ethanolic, hot

Question 25

Mechanism for elimination reaction

Answer 25

Question 26

Ozone formation

Answer 26

Question 27

What is the ozone

Answer 27

A layer that protects the earths surface from the harmful effects of UV radiation

Question 28

Ozone depletion

Answer 28

Question 29

UV and CFCs

Answer 29

Question 30

Ozone and chlorine

Answer 30

Question 31

What is electronegativity

Answer 31

The power of an atom to attract the two electrons in a covalent bond

Question 32

What is an electrophile

Answer 32

Lone pair electron acceptors This is because the C=C double bond is very electron rich die to the electron cloud of the pi bond

Question 33

What is an addition reaction

Answer 33

The C=C double bond opens up and an atom or group of atoms joins onto each C of the C=C double bond During the mechanism, a carbocation is formed. Where more than one carbocation can be formed, the main product will be formed from the more stable carbocation.

Question 34

The different reagents with electrophilic addition

Answer 34

Br2 HBr H2SO4 H2O

Question 35

Conditions for Br2

Answer 35

Aqueous

Question 36

Reaction mechanism for Br2

Answer 36

Question 37

Conditions for HBr

Answer 37

no conditions

Question 38

Reaction mechanism for HBr in electrophilic addition

Answer 38

Question 39

Conditions for H2SO4 in electrophilic addition

Answer 39

Cold, concentrated H2SO4

Question 40

Reaction mechanism for electrophilic addition H2SO4

Answer 40

Question 41

Conditions for H2O in electrophilic addition

Answer 41

Acidic conditions

Question 42

Reaction mechanism with H2O in electrophilic Addition

Answer 42