Hand Washing

Question 1

Adipose cells/adipocyte

Answer 1

connective-tissue cell specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat

Question 2

Antibody -

Answer 2

a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Question 3

Avascular -

Answer 3

characterized by or associated with a lack of blood vessels.

Question 4

Collagen -

Answer 4

structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues

Question 5

Commensal -

Answer 5

1. Living in a relationship in which one organism derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it.

Question 6

Complement system -

Answer 6

part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane.

Question 7

Dermis -

Answer 7

he thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.

Question 8

Elastin -

Answer 8

highly elastic protein in connective tissue and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched.

Question 9

Endogenous sources (microbes) -

Answer 9

from within the body (mouth, nose, skin, intestines)

Question 10

Enzyme -

Answer 10

substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process.

Question 11

Eosinophil

Answer 11

type of white blood cell. Eosinophils are stored in tissues throughout the body, surviving for up to several weeks. The bone marrow continually replenishes the body’s white blood cell supply.

Question 12

Epidermis

Answer 12

the surface epithelium of the skin, overlying the dermis.

Question 13

Epithelium

Answer 13

Epithelial tissues line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs.

Question 14

Exogenous sources (microbes)

Answer 14

from outside the body (air, food, fluid, surfaces)

Question 15

Fibroblast

Answer 15

biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

Question 16

Histamine

Answer 16

organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.

Question 17

Infection

Answer 17

invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce

Question 18

Inflammation

Answer 18

part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

Question 19

Innate

Answer 19

natural

Question 20

Interferons

Answer 20

group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses

Question 21

Keratin

Answer 21

fibrous structural proteins. It is the key structural material making up hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin. Keratin is also the protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress.

Question 22

Keratinocyte

Answer 22

90% of the cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. When found in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin, they are sometimes referred to as basal cells or basal keratinocytes.

Question 23

Lymphocyte

Answer 23

one of the subtypes of a white blood cell in a vertebrate’s immune system. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity).

Question 24

Lyse

Answer 24

can occur both inside and outside of the cell. While localized lysis can result in a tiny puncture of a cell wall or cell membrane, harsher chemical lyses result in the expulsion of all cellular contents and cell death.

Question 25

Mast cell

Answer 25

is a migrant cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems

Question 26

Melanin

Answer 26

he pigment that gives human skin, hair, and eyes their color. Dark-skinned people have more melanin in their skin than light-skinned people have. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes.

Question 27

Melanocyte

Answer 27

produces melatonin

Question 28

Microbiota

Answer 28

ecological communities of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms” found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals. Microbiota includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses.

Question 29

Microorganism

Answer 29

a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus

Question 30

Mitosis

Answer 30

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

Question 31

Natural killer cells

Answer 31

type of lymphocyte (a white blood cell) and a component of innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the host-rejection of both tumours and virally infected cells.

Question 32

Neutrophil

Answer 32

are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (60% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals. They form an essential part of the innate immune system. Their functions vary in different animals.

Question 33

Pathogenic

Answer 33

of a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism) causing disease

Question 34

Phagocyte

Answer 34

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles

Question 35

Pyrogens

Answer 35

a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, which produces fever when introduced or released into the blood

Question 36

Resident microbiota -

Answer 36

The body’s resident microbiota are just that — residents. These species are life-long members of the body’s normal microbial community, but are not found everywhere.

Question 37

Sterile -

Answer 37

free from bacteria or other living microorganisms; totally clean.

Question 38

Stratified -

Answer 38

A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity.

Question 39

Stratum -

Answer 39

single layer of cells, closest to the dermis. It is usually only in this layer that cells divide. Some of the dividing cells move up to the next layer.

Question 40

Subcutaneous -

Answer 40

situated or applied under the skin.

Question 41

Transient microbiota -

Answer 41

Transient microbes are just passing through. Although they may attempt to colonize the same areas of the body as do resident microbiota, transients are unable to remain in the body for extended periods of time due to: difficulty competing with established resident microbes.

Question 42

Lactobacilli -

Answer 42

utilise lactose and produce lactic acid

Question 43

Bifidobacterium -

Answer 43

produce lactic and acetic acid thus control inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria due to acidic pH

Question 44

Mycobacterium strains -

Answer 44

cause TB and leprosy. Found in water & food.

Question 45

Clostridium -

Answer 45

causes tetanus. Found in soil hence inc risk with trauma

Question 46

Pathogens -

Answer 46

microbes that cause infectious disease, Bacteria & viruses are the main pathogens.