HANDOUT 2

Question 1

A systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may
lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories, resulting in prediction and
possible control of events.

Answer 1

RESEARCH

Question 2

Research Approaches:

Answer 2

Basic / Pure Research
Applied Research
Evaluation Research

Question 3

Research Approaches:
involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are
intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have practical application
at the present time or in the future.

Answer 3

Basic / Pure Research

Question 4

Research Approaches:

aims to find potential solutions to human and societal problems

Answer 4

Applied Research

Question 5

Research Approaches:
aims to see whether a program or activity is meeting or has met
the objectives set for it.

Answer 5

Evaluation Research

Question 6

Evaluation Research

seeks to understand the outcomes or effects of something

Answer 6

Summative evaluation

Question 7

Evaluation Research
seeks to strengthen or improve the person or subject being
tested

Answer 7

Formative evaluation

Question 8

Research Approaches:

aims to bring about an improvement in their own practice.

Answer 8

Action Research

Question 9

Goals of Research:

Answer 9

1. Description
2. Prediction
3. Understanding / Explanation

Question 10

Criteria of Good Research:

Answer 10

1. Systematic
2. Logical
3. Empirical
4. Controlled
5. Replicable
6. Self-correcting

Question 11

Test of Researchability

Answer 11

1. Timeframe for the research study duration
2. Money needed to conduct the research
3. Access to facility and data
4. Availability of expertise

Question 12

Type of Research in the Academe:

Answer 12

1. Empirical research project with secondary data
2. Synthesized literature reviews or review essays
3. Theoretical essays
4. Positivism
5. Constructionism

Question 13

Scientific Research must fulfill the following criteria:

Answer 13

1. Replicability
2. Precision
3. Falsifiability
4. Parsimony

Question 14

Research Categories:

Answer 14

1. Exploratory Research
2. Descriptive Research
3. Explanatory Research

Question 15

Research Categories:
conducted in new areas of inquiry; aims to generate initial ideas
about a certain new phenomenon.

Answer 15

1. Exploratory Research

Question 16

Research Categories:
making careful observations and detailed documentation of a
phenomenon.

Answer 16

2. Descriptive Research

Question 17

Research Categories:

seeks explanation of observed phenomenon.

Answer 17

3. Explanatory Research

Question 18

Research Ethics:

Answer 18

1. Voluntary participation and harmlessness
2. Anonymity and confidentiality
3. Informed consent
4. Accurate and complete reporting of findings (even negative ones)
5. Justice

Question 19

based on facts, not opinions
e.g. My hand has 5 fingers.
The rock is heavy.

Answer 19

Observation

Question 20

reasonable conclusion drawn from the observation; possible explanation for the
observation; using all evidences to draw conclusions
e.g. All my socks are blue and they all have holes in them. Therefore, all blue socks
have holes in them

Answer 20

Inference

Question 21

an educated guess about a future event that can be drawn from inferences
e.g. I predict if I buy a blue sock it will have a hole in it.

Answer 21

Prediction

Question 22

used by scientists to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment
related to a hypothesis that may support or contradict a theory.

Answer 22

Scientific Method

Question 23

observations about the world around us

Answer 23

Fact

Question 24

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon

Answer 24

Hypothesis

Question 25

describes what happens in nature

Answer 25

Scientific Law

Question 26

explains why a phenomenon happens

Answer 26

Scientific Theory

Question 27

Seven Steps of the Scientific Method

Answer 27

1. Problem: Do mice grow larger if given vitamin C? 2. Research: Learn about mice, their diet and vitamin C. 3. Hypothesis: If mice are given vitamin C, then they will grow larger. 4. Experiment: Two groups of mice – one gets vitamin C, one does not. 5. Observation: Weigh mice after two weeks – both groups are the same size. 6. Conclusion: Hypothesis is not correct (rejected). 7. Communicate: Present your results.

Question 28

Form of Scientific Inquiry/Reasoning:

Answer 28

``` Inductive Reasoning (theory building Deductive Reasoning (theory testing) ```

Question 29

Form of Scientific Inquiry/Reasoning: infers theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data. e.g. It is dangerous to drive on icy streets. The streets are icy now so it is dangerous to drive now.

Answer 29

Inductive Reasoning (theory building

Question 30

Form of Scientific Inquiry/Reasoning: tests concepts and patterns known from theory using new empirical data. e.g. John is an excellent swimmer. John’s family has a swimming pool. John’s sister, Mary, must also be an excellent swimmer.

Answer 30

Deductive Reasoning (theory testing)

Question 31

A representation of persons or objects that can be manipulated, controlled, or merely measured for the sake of investigation/research. Any factor in the experiment.

Answer 31

VARIABLES

Question 32

one that is changed by the researcher; limit to only one in an experiment

Answer 32

Independent

Question 33

where the researcher focuses his observations to see how it responds to the change made to the independent variable.

Answer 33

Dependent

Question 34

not being tested but only used for comparison; everything you want to remain constant and unchanging.

Answer 34

Control

Question 35

information expressed by means of a natural language description; involved qualities e.g. height, shoe size, age

Answer 35

Qualitative Data

Question 36

information that can be measured or computed; involved quantities e.g. gender, religious preference, socio-economic status

Answer 36

Quantitative Data