handout 7

Question 1

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the
sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte;
characteristic of plants and some algae

Answer 1

alternation of
generations

Question 2

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called
an ovary

Answer 2

angiosperm

Question 3

In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen
grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form

Answer 3

anther

Question 4

in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes
develop

Answer 4

antheridium

Question 5

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots; its dividing
cells enable the plant to grow in length

Answer 5

apical meristem

Question 6

In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes
develop

Answer 6

archehonium

Question 7

A member of one of three clades of early-diverging lineages of flowering
plants; examples are Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and its
relatives

Answer 7

basal angiosperm

Question 8

An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant
that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular
plants

Answer 8

byrophyte

Question 9

The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the
stigma, style, and ovary.

Answer 9

carpel

Question 10

Member of the largest gymnosperm phylum; most are cone-bearing
trees, such as pines and firs

Answer 10

conifer

Question 11

In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one
plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.

Answer 11

cross-pollination

Question 12

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells
unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the
zygote and endosperm

Answer 12

double fertilization

Question 13

The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and
division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has
eight haploid nuclei.

Answer 13

embryo sac

Question 13

Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of
multicellular, dependent embryos.

Answer 13

embryophyte

Question 14

In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm
with two polar nuclei during double fertilization; provides nourishment
to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds

Answer 14

endosperm

Question 15

Member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants
that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons

Answer 15

eudicot

Question 16

In an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing
reproductive organ of a flower

Answer 16

filament

Question 17

In an angiosperm, a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified
leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction

Answer 17

flower

Question 18

(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino
acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer
cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure
usually used for movement.

Answer 18

foot

Question 19

A mature ovary of a flower; protects dormant seeds and often aids in
their dispersal

Answer 19

fruit

Question 20

Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed; female types
are called archegonia, and male types are called antheridia

Answer 20

gametangium

Question 21

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of
generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid
gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into
sporophytes

Answer 21

gametophyte

Question 22

A vascular plant that bears naked seeds – seeds not enclosed in
protective chambers.

Answer 22

gymnosperm

Question 23

Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores,
which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop
into female gametophytes.

Answer 23

heterosporous

Question 24

Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte

Answer 24

homosporous

Question 25

A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Anthocerophyta

Answer 25

hornwort

Question 26

Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant

Answer 26

integument

Question 27

A hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of vascular plant cell walls that provides structural support in terrestrial species

Answer 27

lignin

Question 28

A small, herbaceous, non-vascular plant that is a member of the phylum Hepatophyta

Answer 28

liverwort

Question 29

An informal name for a phylum which includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

Answer 29

lycophyte

Question 30

Member of the angiosperm clade that is most closely related to the combined eudicot and monocot clades; extant examples are magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants

Answer 30

magnoliid

Question 31

A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, characteristic of the vast majority of vascular plants

Answer 31

megaphyll

Question 32

In lycophytes, a small leaf with a single unbranched vein

Answer 32

microphyll

Question 32

Member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.

Answer 32

monocot

Question 33

A pore in the integuments of an ovule.

Answer 33

micropyle

Question 33

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte.

Answer 33

microspore

Question 34

A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Bryophyta

Answer 34

moss

Question 35

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus.

Answer 35

mycorrhiza

Question 36

1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.

Answer 36

ovary

Question 37

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte

Answer 37

ovule

Question 38

Extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material often formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum

Answer 38

peat

Question 39

A ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures on the upper part of a moss capsule (sporangium), often specialized for gradual spore discharge

Answer 39

peristome

Question 40

A modified leaf of a flowering plant; are the often colourful part of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators

Answer 40

petal

Question 41

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

Answer 41

phloem

Question 42

In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall.

Answer 42

pollen grain

Question 43

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization

Answer 43

pollination

Question 44

An extinct seedless vascular plant that may be ancestral to seed plants.

Answer 44

pro-gymnosperm

Question 45

An informal name for a member of the phylum Pterophyta, which includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

Answer 45

pterophyte

Question 46

A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground; unlike roots they are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption

Answer 46

rhizoid

Question 47

An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Answer 47

root

Question 48

An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat

Answer 48

seed

Question 49

An informal name for a plant that has vascular tissue but lacks seeds; form a paraphyletic group that includes the phyla Lycophyta (club mosses and their relatives) and Pterophyta (ferns and their relatives)

Answer 49

seedless vascular plant

Question 50

A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.

Answer 50

sepal

Question 51

The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte.

Answer 51

seta

Question 52

A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll; may be arranged in various patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, which are useful in fern identification

Answer 52

sori

Question 53

A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop

Answer 53

sporangium

Question 54

1) In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis; can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination.

Answer 54

spore

Question 55

A diploid cell, also known as a spore mother cell, that undergoes meiosis and generates haploid spores

Answer 55

sporocyte

Question 56

A modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction

Answer 56

sporophyll

Question 57

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes; produces haploid spores by meiosis.

Answer 57

sporophyte

Question 58

A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out

Answer 58

sporopollenin

Question 59

The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.

Answer 59

stamen

Question 60

The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains.

Answer 60

stigma

Question 61

Microscopic pores surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Answer 61

stomata

Question 62

The technical term for a cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants.

Answer 62

strobi

Question 63

The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top

Answer 63

style

Question 64

A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants; when functioning they are no longer living.

Answer 64

tracheid

Question 65

A plant with vascular tissue; include all living plant species except liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

Answer 65

vascular plant

Question 66

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Answer 66

vascular tissue

Question 67

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of plant.

Answer 67

xylem

Question 68

concept 7.1

Answer 68

land plants evolved from green algae

Question 69

concept 7.2

Answer 69

mosses and other plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes

Question 70

concept 7.3

Answer 70

ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall

Question 71

concept 8.1

Answer 71

seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land

Question 72

concept 8.2

Answer 72

gymnosperms bear 'naked' seeds, typically on cones

Question 73

concept 8.3

Answer 73

the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits

Question 74

concept 8.4

Answer 74

human welfare depends greatly on seed plants

Question 75

The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group?

Answer 75

C. charophytes

Question 76

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

Answer 76

D. sporopollenin

Question 77

The following are common to both charophytes and land plants except

Answer 77

B. lignin

Question 78

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?

Answer 78

E. embryos

Question 79

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

Answer 79

B. plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae

Question 80

Which of the following taxa includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms?

Answer 80

B. Viridiplantae.

Question 81

Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except

Answer 81

C. lignified vascular tissue

Question 82

Plant spores are produced directly by

Answer 82

A. sporophytes

Question 83

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. Embryo; 2. Gametes; 3. Sporophyte; 4. Protonema; 5. Gametophore

Answer 83

C. 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3

Question 84

A fungal infection damages all peristomes, preventing them from performing their function. Which process will be directly hindered as a result?

Answer 84

E. broadcast of spores

Question 85

If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention?

Answer 85

C. foot

Question 86

You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stem-like structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaf-like structures. Which of these would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss, or a club moss?

Answer 86

E. the appearance of its spore-producing structures

Question 87

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

Answer 87

C. ferns

Question 88

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in helping you correctly classify the plant?

Answer 88

B. whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

Question 89

A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle?

Answer 89

B. increased spore production

Question 90

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?

Answer 90

D. pterophytes.

Question 91

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. Spores; 2. Sporophylls; 3. Sporophytes; 4. Sporangia.

Answer 91

E. 3, 2, 4, 1

Question 92

Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance? 1.Charophytes; 2. Single-celled green algae; 3. Hornworts; 4. Plants with a dominant sporophyte

Answer 92

C. 2 → 1 → 3 → 4

Question 93

During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of these is a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it?

Answer 93

D. decreased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of ever-decreasing levels of atmospheric CO 2

Question 94

The result of heterospory is

Answer 94

B. the existence of male and female gametophytes

Question 95

Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants?

Answer 95

B. reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle

Question 96

All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms, except

Answer 96

D. chloroplasts

Question 97

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed- producing plants?

Answer 97

C. pollen.

Question 98

Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow

Answer 98

B. in dense, single-species stands

Question 99

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind; 2. lignified xylem; 3. microscopic gametophytes; 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators; 5. endosperm

Answer 99

C. 1, 2, and 3.

Question 100

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Answer 100

C. ovule

Question 101

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

Answer 101

B. double internal fertilization

Question 102

Which of these statements is true of monocots?

Answer 102

C. They, along with the eudicots, magnoliids, and basal angiosperms, are currently placed in the phylum Anthophyta

Question 103

Carpels and stamens are

Answer 103

E. modified sporophylls

Question 104

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

Answer 104

A. ovule

Question 105

Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?

Answer 105

D. ovary.

Question 106

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of these features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

Answer 106

C. fruits enclosing seeds

Question 107

Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods?

Answer 107

B. artificial selection