Handout 7: Upper articulatory aspects of speech production

Question 1

what do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 1

are contained in the tongue w no external attachment

shape and produce fine movements of the tongue

Question 2

what are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 2

superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transverse
vertical

Question 3

superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue …

Answer 3

elevates the tip

Question 4

inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue

Answer 4

pulls tip down and retracts

Question 5

transverse muscle of the tongue

Answer 5

narrows, pulls edges toward midline

Question 6

vertical muscle of the tongue …

Answer 6

pulls tongue down towards the floor of the mouth

Question 7

extrinsic muscles of the tongue do what

Answer 7

have an attachment externally

work in placement and position of the tongue in the oral cavity

Question 8

what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 8

genioglossus
hypoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus

Question 9

the genioglossus muscle of the tongue…

Answer 9

retracts (anterior) or protrudes (posterior)

Question 10

the hypoglossus muscle of the tongue…

Answer 10

pulls sides of the tongue down

Question 11

the palatoglossus muscle of the tongue…

Answer 11

elevates back of the tongue

Question 12

the styloglossus muscle of the tongue…

Answer 12

elevates and retracts the tongue

Question 13

what are the 5 muscles of the velar muscles? (soft palate)

Answer 13

levator veli palatini
uvula
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
tensor palatini

Question 14

the levator veli palatini is where + does what

Answer 14

velum

elevates velum, closes velopharynx (superior pharyngeal constrictor - squeezes lateral and posterior wall of pharynx against velum)

Question 15

the uvula is where and does what

Answer 15

a muscle of the velum

it elevates the velum but has a minor role

Question 16

palatoglossus is where and does what

Answer 16

in velum

lowers velum and opens velopharynx

Question 17

palatopharyngaus is where and does what

Answer 17

in velum
lowers velum and narrows pharynx

Question 18

tensor palatini is where and does what

Answer 18

in velum and opens the eustachian tube

Question 19

what are the 7 muscles of the lips

Answer 19

orbicularis oris
levator labii superioris
levator anguli oris
zygomaticus major and minor
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii inferiorus
mentalis

Question 20

orbicularis oris…

Answer 20

protrudes, puckers, and closes the lips

Question 21

levator labii superioris,
levator anguli oris,
zygomaticus major and minor alll do what?

Answer 21

elevates the upper lip

Question 22

depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferiorus, and mentalis all do what?

Answer 22

lowers the lower lip

Question 23

what are the 4 jaw muscles

Answer 23

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

Question 24

what 3 jaw muscles close the jaw

Answer 24

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

Question 25

what jaw muscle opens the jaw

Answer 25

lateral pterygoid

Question 26

what are the 5 methods for studying movement of the tongue

Answer 26

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) X-ray magnetometer ultrasound electropalatography (EPG)

Question 27

how does an MRI measure tongue movement

Answer 27

uses a combination of strong magnetic fields and radio waves to measure tissue density and create a 3-D image of a body part – relatively low invasiveness - the complete vocal tract and structures can be viewed in 3-D; slow sampling rate so limited to static or continuous speech sounds

Question 28

how does X-ray measure tongue movement

Answer 28

- photos projected thru a body part = passes thru soft tissue more than dense - create 2-D image - produces a continuous movie of dyanmic speech movements - v invasive

Question 29

how does a magnetometer measure tongue movements

Answer 29

pulsing electromagnetic signals track the movement of target points on the articulators movements = changes in signal strength continuous movement of specific targets expensive

Question 30

how can ultrasound be used to measure tongue movements

Answer 30

waves projected into body and reflected tongue can be imaged continuously during speech non invasive and not expensive

Question 31

how does electropalatography EPG measure tongue movements

Answer 31

mini electrodes on artificial palate tongue contact w continuous speech not invasive and reasonable cost

Question 32

2 methods for studying velum (soft palate) - second is a group of them

Answer 32

- nasendoscopy - MRI/Xray/magnetometer

Question 33

what are the 3 ways to measure movement of the lip and jaw

Answer 33

lip/jaw strain gage optotrak magnetometer

Question 34

lip/jaw strain gage measures lip/jaw movement by

Answer 34

uses small steel beams - when they bend they create electrical signal 2D/3D image, continuous speech not invasive, not expensive

Question 35

optotrak measure lip/jaw movements by

Answer 35

infared light emitting diodes (markers) attached to the articulators the light emitting markers are recorded and tracked using 3 cameras; 3-D traces of the markers can be obtained during continuous speech not invasive; reasonable cost ; only for visible articulators

Question 36

describe the movement of our lips/jaw during speech, what about chewing?

Answer 36

upper lip movements are relatively small jaw movements are strongly coupled (occur in parallel) with lower lip or tongue movements and usually add together to produce larger lip+jaw or tongue+jaw movements jaw for chewing 40mm; max. opening 60mm; at rest jaw open about 3mm

Question 37

describe how maximum repetition rates (MRR) change based on age

Answer 37

MRR = How quick you can say a syllable under 10 years of age MRR are slower than adults by 1-2 syll/sec geriatric indvs have MRR slower than young adults (dec q1-2 syll/s) men may be slightly faster than women

Question 38

what is the max force of the upper lip closing

Answer 38

4 N

Question 39

what is the max force of the lower lip closing

Answer 39

12 N

Question 40

what is the tongue tip protrusion force

Answer 40

20 N

Question 41

what is the jaw closing force

Answer 41

+100 N

Question 42

what part of the articulation sys has the smallest closing force, the biggest?

Answer 42

upper lip 4N, jaw +100N

Question 43

forces using during speech production are approx ___ or ___ (____%of max)

Answer 43

2N or less, 10-20%