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Individual differences approach > Hanncock language - 2011 > Flashcards

Hanncock language - 2011 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the general population are psychopaths?

A

1%

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2
Q

What is a psychopath?

A

individuals who exhibit abnormally high levels of selfishness and seemingly lack a conscience

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3
Q

What is an outline of the inspiration for study?

A

Computerised analysis of language produced by psychiatric patients

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4
Q

What was found from the background study?

A

Fewer words pertaining to:
- optimism
- basic cognitive function
- references to the future
- communication with others

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5
Q

Who were the two researchers who had previous work into the language of psychopaths?

A

1) Cleckley (1976)
2) Williamson (1993)

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6
Q

Who is Cleckley (1976) ?

A

A researcher who observed, through CASE STUDIES, that the discourse of psychopaths was more likely to include tangential and incoherent quality than non-psychopaths

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7
Q

Who is Williamson (1993) ?

A

A researcher who analysed the narratives of psychopaths and non-psychopaths and found that the former used more contractionary and logically inconsistent statements

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8
Q

What was used to analyse language?

A

Statistical test analysis tools

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9
Q

What is measured through these tools?

A
  • instrumental nature
  • unique material and socioemotional needs
  • emotional deficit
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10
Q

What was the aim of the study?

A

To examine if language of psychopaths reflected (as predicted) a predatory world view, unique socioemotional needs, and poverty of affect

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11
Q

What was the false aim of the study?

A

how well convicts can remember their crimes (memory)

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12
Q

What research method was used?

A

Self-report - interview

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13
Q

What type of interview was used?

A

semi-structured / open ended

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14
Q

What is a strength of using a semi-structured interview?

A

Allows participants to expand on answers due to follow up questions - making finding the reasons for behaviour easier yet there is also a form of structure allowing answers to be gathered effectively

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15
Q

What’s a weakness of using a semi-structured interview?

A
  • lacks validity as it is harder to compare responses
  • less controlled
  • high risk of bias
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16
Q

What interview technique was used?

A

Step-Wise Interview technique

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17
Q

What does the Step-Wise interview allow?

A

experimenters to gather as much detail as possible

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18
Q

What is a weakness of using a self-report method?

A

Social desirability

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19
Q

What type of data was collected?

A

Qualitative and Quantitative

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20
Q

What is an example of the data that was collected?

A

language

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21
Q

What is a weakness of the amount of qualitative data that was collected?

A
  • the audio-taped narratives were too detailed and varied to allow direct comparison
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22
Q

How was quantitative data gathered?

A

transcription and analysis

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23
Q

How was psychopathy measured?

A

Personality Checklist revised (PCL-R)

24
Q

Who created the PCL-R?

A

Robert HARE

25
Q

What happened after the interviews?

A

Narratives were TRANSCRIBED as close to verbatim through content analysis using the W-matrix and DAL

26
Q

What was the sample?

A

52 males from Canadian correctional facility

27
Q

What were the conviction rates?

A

16% (8) = first degree murder
64% (32) = second degree murder
20% (10) = manslaughter

28
Q

What was the psychopath to non-psychopath ratio?

A

14:38

29
Q

What was the mean age and the range of the age of convicts?

A

Mean age was 20.8
Range was 14-50

30
Q

What are the 5 evaluation points of the sample?

A
  • culture bias (ethnocentric)
  • gender bias (androcentric)
  • only a specific type of person (volunteer)
  • social desirability (self-report)
  • small sample (not rep. = not gen.)
31
Q

How were participants acquired?

A

Volunteered

32
Q

What are strengths of a self-selected sample?

A
  • less chance of attrition (dropping out)
33
Q

What are the weaknesses of a self-selected sample?

A
  • only attracts a certain type of person - therefore less representative - cannot be generalised
34
Q

What did the two groups not differ on (Psychopaths vs. Non-Psychopaths)?

A
  • age
  • amount of time since homicide was committed
35
Q

What was the first step of the procedure?

A

Potential participants were asked if they would be interested in taking part in a research study

36
Q

What was the first stage for those who were interested?

A

Were asked to complete the PCL-R

37
Q

What is the PCL-R?

A

Psychopathy Checklist- Revised

38
Q

What’s a strength of the PCL-R?

A
  • universal = more valid and reliable
39
Q

What is involved in the PCL-R?

A
  • 20 criteria (rated from 0-2)
  • maximum score of 40
  • 25+ = Psychopath
40
Q

Who conducted the PCL-R?

A

extensively trained prison psychologists who were trained in the coding of the PCL-R

41
Q

How long were the interviews?

A

25 minutes

42
Q

How is the procedure unethical?

A

Participants were deceived on the aim of the study - they were told it was about memory and how well inmates can recall their homicides

43
Q

What is a strength of the interview?

A

Verbally explained so that participants can ask questions and understand what they have to do properly

44
Q

How was the interview recorded?

A

Audio-taped

45
Q

What were participants asked to do in the interview?

A

Describe their homicide in as much detail as possible

46
Q

Who were participants interviewed by?

A

two senior psychology graduate students and one research assistant

47
Q

What is important to note about the interviewers?

A

they were blind to the psychopathy scores

48
Q

What is the Wmatrix?

A

a text analysis tool which compares part of speech to analyse semantic concepts

49
Q

What is the DAL?

A

analyses tone of words

50
Q

What are some results found by the Wmatrix?

A

psychopaths used approx. twice as many words in relation to basic physiological needs such as eating compared to the controls who focused on social needs such as family

51
Q

What are some results from the DAL?

A

psychopaths physiologically distanced themselves from their homicide

52
Q

What are the results regarding word use?

A
  • psychopaths used roughly 2,200 words and non-psychopaths used roughly 2,500 words
  • psychopaths used more past tense verbs such as ‘stabbed’
53
Q

What are some conclusions of the study?

A
  • Psychopaths are more likely than non-psychopaths to describe a cause and effect relationship when describing their murders
  • Psychopaths linguistically frame their homicide as more in the past through using psychologically distant terms
54
Q

What are some conclusions about psychopaths and language use?

A

1- tend to view their crimes as the logical outcome of a plan
2- more likely to focus on their own physiological needs
3- less emotional and positive in their speech
4- emotionally detached from their crimes

55
Q

What are the ethical issues considered in this study?

A
  • full confidentiality was maintained
  • full informed consent (volunteer)
  • debriefed verbally at the end of the interview

Individual differences approach (6 decks)

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