HAPA 2000 EXAM 2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is “Sarcopenia”
Age related loss of muscle mass and strength
What happens at age 45?
10% loss of muscle mass and strength per decade. (30% per decade after 75)
Risk factors for Satcopenia
Obesity (sarcopenia obesity)
Osteoarthritis
What is joint stiffness/difficulty moving
Maximum bone density (mid to late 30s)
-progressive loss after that ; accelerates after age 50
-bone loss twice as high in women
-bones break more easily and heal more slowly
What is Osteoporosis
Characterized by low bone mass , deterioration of bone tissue
- leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture ( broken bones: hips, spine, wrists and shoulders)
Fractures from osteoporosis is more common then heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer combined
-at least 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men will suffer from an osteoporotic fracture
>25% who suffer a hip fracture die within a year
Risk factors for Osteoporosis
Deficiencies in:
-calcium
-Vitamin D
- Estrogen
-Lack of exercise
-associated with Aboriginal statue
-Low household incomes
-Alcohol consumption
-nutritions
-low BMI
-Higher risk in women
Preventing Osteoporosis
Building and maintaining bone mass requires a combination of nutrients and exercise
-Getting adequate calcium in your diet
-Doing weight-bearing exercise
For Example:
-Resistance training stimulates bone formation and retention of calcium
-Coordination and balance exercises can also decrease risk of falling
Cardiovascular System
High blood pressure and cholesterol increase risk of heart disease and stroke. Fatty deposits and scar tissue accumulate in blood vessels-reduce blood flow to organs, including heart and brain
Cholesterol accumulates on walls
-LDL cholesterol (bad) ; HDL (good)
-When HDL high and LDL low, risk of CVD lower
Hypertension problematic for women - BP increases after menopause
Respiratory System
Little change in lung capacity through most of mid adulthood. At age 55 protein in lung tissue becomes less elastic
-This, combined with stiffening of chest wall, decreases lungs’ capacity to transport oxygen
Smokers see dramatic declines in lung capacity
Metabolic Syndrome
Hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance
Metabolic syndrome 2
Often leads to development of diabetes and CVD. Associated with increased risk of early death (especially when individuals have high blood pressure and high glucose combined with low HDL or high triglycerides)
Sleep problems more common in those who:
(Poor sleep in middle adulthood)
-Use prescription and non-prescription drugs
-Have CVD
-are depressed
Other risk factors for poor sleep in middle adulthood
Poor sleep is a risk factor for falls, obesity, and earlier death, and linked to lower levels of cognitive functioning.
Sleep Apnea: A serious sleep disorder
A temporary cessation of breathing that occurs when the airways becomes blocked (occurs repeatedly during sleep)
-literally stops breathing during sleep
Sleep apnea associated with hypertension, CVD, obesity , depression, and also cancer
Stress and Disease
Stress linked to disease though immune system and CVD
1.the Immune system and stress
-immune system keeps us healthy by recognizing foreign material (bacteria, viruses, tumours) and destroying them (via white blood cells)
-# white blood cells and their effectiveness related to stress
2.stress and the cardiovascular system
-chronic emotional stress associated with high blood pressure, heart diseases, and early death
-Surge in adrenaline caused by severe emotional stress causes blood to clot more rapidly
-blood clotting major factors in heart attacks
Biological Theories of Aging
- Cellular clock Theory
-Hayflick’s (1977) theory that cells can divide a maximum about 75-80 times
-As we age, our cells become less capable of dividing
-On basis of way cells divide, Hayflick places that upper limit of the human life span at about 120 years
Telomere and aging
Research shows that Telomeres, which are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes, may be responsible for age limit
-Each time a cell divides telomeres reduced so much that cells can no longer reproduce
-After 70-80 divides, telomeres reduced so much that cell can no longer reproduce
Injecting enzymes telomeres into human cells grown in lab can extend life of cells
-However: telomeres presents in cancerous cells
Research now looking at gene therapies that inhibit telomeres and kill cancerous cells while keeping heathy calls alive.
Free-Radical Theory
-People age because inside their cells normal metabolic produces unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals)
-Free radicals ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures (“oxidative damage”)
-Damage can lead to a range of disorders, including cancer and arthritis
-Overreacting and smoking linked to increased in free radicals
Mitochondrial Theory
-Aging due to deca of mitochondria (tiny bodies in cells hat provide energy for function, growth and repair)
>decay due to oxidative damage (i.e. free radicals) and loss of micronutrients provided by cells
-Resultes is the mitochondria become inefficient
>can’t generate enough energy to meet cellular needs
> Leads to disease (CVD, dementia, decline in liver functioning)
