Hard and soft engineering

Question 1

How does beach nourishment and re-profiling work?

Answer 1

Addition of sand or pebbles to an existing beach to make it wider - is usually dredged from nearby seabed

Question 2

What are the advantages of beach nourishment and re-profiling?

Answer 2

Cheap
Easy to maintain
Looks natural and blends with existing beach
Increases tourist potential by creating bigger beach

Question 3

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment and re-profiling?

Answer 3

Needs constant maintenance because of the natural processes of erosion and longshore drift

Question 4

What is the cost of beach nourishment and re-profiling?

Answer 4

£300,000/100m

Question 5

What is an example of beach nourishment and replenishment?

Answer 5

Bournemouth beach

Question 6

What is cliff regrading and drainage?

Answer 6

Reduces the angle of the cliff to help stabilise it. Drainage removes water to prevent landslides and slumping

Question 7

What are the advantages of cliff regrading and drainage?

Answer 7

Effective on clay or loose

Question 8

How long is a Holderness coast?

Answer 8

50km

Question 9

What makes Holderness coast the most rapidly eroding coastline in Europe?

Answer 9

Combination of clay geology and a high energy environment

Question 10

What landforms are along the Holderness coast?

Answer 10

Flamborough Head
Holderness Cliffs
Spurn Head

Question 11

What is Flamborough Head?

Answer 11

A class arch, stack and wave-cut platform - caused by wave quarrying

Question 12

What are the Holderness cliffs?

Answer 12

Cliffs formed by material left by ice sheets

Question 13

How fast are the Holderness cliffs retreating at?

Answer 13

1.8m per year

Question 14

What erosion takes place on the Holderness Cliffs?

Answer 14

Rainwater enters clay and the weight of the water causes material to slide seawards

Question 15

What is Spurn Head?

Answer 15

Sediment is deposited creating a fragile recurved spit

Question 16

How fast does Spurn Head spit grow?

Answer 16

10cm a year

Question 17

What are the physical factors that affect the Holderness Coast?

Answer 17

Weather
Waves
Geology

Question 18

How does weather affect the Holderness coast?

Answer 18

Winter storms produce stronger waves and higher sea levels. This leads to increased erosion - saturated cliffs leads to slumping

Question 19

How does waves affect the Holderness coast?

Answer 19

Dominant waves are from the North-East. Destructive waves erode beaches and attack the foot of the cliff

Question 20

How does Geology affect the Holderness coast?

Answer 20

Two main types of rock found are chalk and boulder clay. Boulder clay easily erode

Question 21

What management is along the Holderness coast?

Answer 21

Sea wall

Gabions
Rip-rap
Beach nourishment
Do nothing

Question 22

What sea wall is located along the Holderness coast?

Answer 22

Situated at high value areas at Hornsea and Withernsea

Question 23

What Gabions are located along the Holderness coast?

Answer 23

The wire cages holding small rocks are located at Skipsea

Question 24

What rip-rap is located along the Holderness coast?

Answer 24

Large rocks in front of sea walls/cliffs to absorb waves like Easington

Question 25

Where is beach nourishment located along the Holderness coast?

Answer 25

Hornsea and Mappleton

Question 26

Where are they 'Doing Nothing' along the Holderness coast?

Answer 26

Neck of Spurn he'd as its growing so fast

Question 27

Where is the Holderness Coast?

Answer 27

East Coast of England

Question 28

Where is Christchurch Bay?

Answer 28

Dorset and part of Hampshire on South Coast

Question 29

What is Christchurch between?

Answer 29

Hengistbury Head and Hurst Castle Spit

Question 30

What coastal processes take place on Christchurch Bay?

Answer 30

Littoral drift brings sediment onto Bournemouth Coast - some gets deposited onto Hengisbury Head, some leaks round to Hurst Castle spit

Question 31

What coastal processes specifically take place on Barton-on-sea?

Answer 31

Marine processes - hydraulic action and abrasion Sub-aerial processes - slumping and rock fall Geology - impermeable land lies under permeable land causing land slides

Question 32

What coastal management in on Hengistbury head (affluent)?

Answer 32

Long Groyne - 215m long, disguised by rock to give a natural look Rip-rap 10 rubbles groins on east coast

Question 33

What coastal management is on Barton-on-sea? (less affluent)

Answer 33

Cliffs have been regraded to improve stability | Slumping and rock fall acts as a natural barrier

Question 34

How quickly does Christchurch Bay erode per year without management?

Answer 34

1-2m

Question 35

What other area is affluent on Christchurch Bay that isn't Hengistbury head?

Answer 35

Milford-on-sea

Question 36

What management is on Milford on sea?

Answer 36

Sea wall | Wooden groynes

Question 37

What is the main aim of the Odisha ICZM?

Answer 37

Promote sustainable use of natural resources while maintaining the natural environment Protect environment Establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity

Question 38

Who are the main organisations involved in Odisha's ICZM?

Answer 38

Ministry of forest and environment Indian government The World Bank

Question 39

What are the issues identifies by the ICZM?

Answer 39

``` Coastal erosion Assessing vulnerability to disaster Biodiversity conservation Livelihood security Pollution and environmental quality management ```

Question 40

How have people adapted to the risks of coastal erosion and tropical storms in Odisha?

Answer 40

Provided relief supplies Broadcasted warning Conducted stages evacuations

Question 41

How has the ICZM helped mitigate against coastal erosion and tropical storms?

Answer 41

Mangroves

Question 42

Where is the Odisha coast?

Answer 42

South-East Coast of India

Question 43

How long is the Odisha coast?

Answer 43

480km long

Question 44

How big is India's population?

Answer 44

46 million

Question 45

How many deltas does the Odisha coastline have?

Answer 45

6 - hence the name of Hexadeltaic region

Question 46

How big is the mangrove forest on the Odisha coast?

Answer 46

1435km2

Question 47

What is the salty lagoon called on the Odisha coast?

Answer 47

Chilika Lake

Question 48

How can you see Odisha coastline as a system?

Answer 48

Six major rivers feed sediment into the system | Chilika Lake is an important store

Question 49

What are the main opportunities for humans development on the Odisha coast?

Answer 49

Tourism Jobs in coastal fishing, aquaculture, offshore oil mining, 35% of coastline is laden with substantial sediment minerals and heavy metal deposits Huge potential for wind, tidal and wave power Large stock of marine animals

Question 50

How much of Odisha's coastline is laden with substantial sediment minerals and heavy metal deposits?

Answer 50

35%

Question 51

What animals is there a large stock own the Odisha coast?

Answer 51

``` Fish Marine mammals Reptiles Olive Ridley Turtle Seagrass meadows ```

Question 52

What are the main risks for human development and occupation in Odisha?

Answer 52

Majority of the state live on coastal plain As ITCZ moves north in the Summer it brings storms Accretiom occurs driving general summer conditions where there are low-energy waves and erosion in winter with high-energy waves

Question 53

What are the shoreline management policy options?

Answer 53

Hold the line Managed realignment No active intervention Advance the line

Question 54

What is holding the line?

Answer 54

Maintain or upgrade the level of protection provided by defences or natural coastline

Question 55

What is managed realignment?

Answer 55

Manage the coastal processes to realign the ‘natural’ coastline configuration, either seaward or landward, in order to create a future sustainable shoreline position.

Question 56

What is no active intervention?

Answer 56

A decision not to invest in providing or maintaining defences or natural coastline.

Question 57

What is advance the line?

Answer 57

Build new defences seaward of the existing defence line where significant land reclamation is considered.

Question 58

How many SMP's are there across England?

Answer 58

22

Question 59

What management is being done at Hurst Spit?

Answer 59

Hold the line

Question 60

How are they holding the line at Hurst Spit?

Answer 60

Maintaining revetments

Question 61

What management policy is being done at Milford on sea?

Answer 61

Holding the line

Question 62

How are they holding the line at Milford on sea?

Answer 62

Maintaining beach defences

Question 63

What management is being done at Barton-on-sea?

Answer 63

Stabilise cliff | Cliff drainage

Question 64

What management policy is being done at Durlston Head?

Answer 64

No active intervention

Question 65

What is the aim of SMP's?

Answer 65

To identify the most sustainable approach to managing the flood and coastal erosion risks to the coastline

Question 66

What do SMP's aim to plan for?

Answer 66

``` Short term (0-20 years) Medium term (20-50 years) Long term (50-100 years) ```

Question 67

What are the key features of SMP's?

Answer 67

Provide assessment and framework of risk Address risks sustainably Provide plan for coastal defence Promote long-term polices Be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable Ensure plans comply with international legislation