Hard to recall Psych Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
How many units of alcohol in a pint?
A
2
2
Q
How many units of alcohol in a small glass of wine (175ml)
A
1.5
3
Q
Which section allows police to detain someone in a public place?
A
136
4
Q
Which section allows police to detain someone in their own home?
A
135
5
Q
How long must psychotic symptoms last to consider a diagnosis of schizophrenia?
A
At least 1 month
6
Q
List some drugs which cause erectile dysfunction
A
TCAs BDZs SSRIs Beta-blockers Anti-histamines Anti-parkinsonians Statins Oestrogens
7
Q
Indications for ECT?
A
Severe depression
Puerperal depression
Mania
Catatonic schizophrenia
8
Q
Absolute contra-indications for ECT?
A
Raised ICP
9
Q
Relative contra-indications for ECT?
A
High anaesthetic risk
Known cerebral aneurysm
10
Q
Action of typical antipsychotics on which pathway improves psychotic symptoms?
A
Mesolimbic
11
Q
Action of typical antipsychotics on which pathway worsens negative symptoms?
A
Mesocortical
12
Q
Action of typical antipsychotics on which pathway causes hyperprolactinaemia?
A
Tuberoinfundibular
13
Q
Action of typical antipsychotics on which pathway causes extrapyramidal symptoms?
A
Nigrostriatal
14
Q
What are the anticholinergic side effects of typical antipsychotics?
A
Increased QT interval
Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
15
Q
Name some specific side effects of chlorpromazine
A
Greying of skin in response to sunlight
Reduced seizure threshold
16
Q
6 Key features of Lewy body dementia?
A
Day to day fluctuation of cognitive function Visual hallucinations Sleep disturbance Transient loss of consciousness Recurrent falls Parkinsonian features
17
Q
5 hallmarks of Parkinson’s?
A
Tremor Shuffling gait Bradykinesia Rigidity Postural instability
18
Q
Schneider’s first rank symptoms?
A
Delusional perception
Auditory hallucination (3rd person)
Passivity
Thought disorder (broadcasting, insertion, withdrawal)
19
Q
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
A
Hallucinations
Delusions
Thought disorder
20
Q
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
A
Blunted affect
Anhedonia
Loss of interest in others or initiative
Reduced speech
21
Q
Lifetime prevalence of depression in women?
A
20-25%
22
Q
Lifetime prevalence of depression in men?
A
7-12%
23
Q
Population prevalence of schizophrenia?
A
1%
24
Q
Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia?
A
1.45%
25
A score above what is considered normal cognitive function on MMSE?
>27
26
What is considered mild, moderate and severe cognitive impairment on MMSE?
Mild: 21-24
Moderate: 10-20
Severe: <10
27
3 features of stupor?
Unresponsive
Akinetic
Mute
28
What is Amok?
Dissociative disorder typically in South East Asia esp. Malaysia
Acquisition of a weapon and frenzied killing
Followed by stupor/sleep for 1 day
Amnesia of events
29
What is Koro?
Chinese
| Fear that penis is retracting into abdomen
30
What is Dhat?
Indian
Anxiety and belief semen is being lost in urine
Guilt about masturbation
31
What is Latah?
North African
Exaggerated startle response with echolalia or obeying commands
Frequently followed by amnesia
32
What is Susto?
South America
| Depression after traumatic event - similar to acute stress reaction
33
Criteria for mood stabilisers in bipolar?
More than 1 episode of mania
34
Which section allows a doctor to hold a patient who is an inpatient?
5.2
35
How long is a 5.2 valid?
72 hours
36
Symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Pyrexia
Fluctuating consciousness
Muscle rigidity
Autonomic instability
37
Blood results with neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Raised creatine kinase
Raised WCC
Deranged LFTs
38
Mx of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
1. Stop precipitating anti-psychotic
2. BDZs
3. Supportive measures - lower body temp, oxygen, fluids
4. IV sodium bicarb - rhabdomyolysis
5. Dantrolene - malignant hyperthermia
6. lorazapam - reduce rigidity and agitation
7. Bromocriptine - reverse dopamine blockade
39
What syndrome describes someone being able to disguise themselves to look like many people?
Fregoli syndrome
40
What syndrome describes someone of higher status being in love with them?
De Clerambault's
41
What syndrome describes men experiencing symptoms of pregnancy around the time of their child's birth?
Couvade syndrome
42
What syndrome describes someone being replaced by a doppleganger?
Capgras syndrome
43
Risk factors for PTSD?
```
Low education
Low social class
Afro-caribbean/Hispanic
Female
Low self-esteem
Personal or family history of psych problems
Prior trauma
```
44
What characterises hebephrenic schizophrenia?
Disorganised speech and thoughts
Flat affect
Shallow and inappropriate emotional responses
45
What characterises simple schizophrenia?
Gradual decline in functioning
| Negative symptoms without positive symptoms
46
Symptoms of serotonin syndrome?
```
Severe HTN
Tachycardia
High pyrexia
Myoclonus
Sweating
Hyperreflexia
```
47
What drugs may contribute to serotonin syndrome?
```
SSRIs
MAOIs
Opioids
Cocaine/meth
Lithium
Metoclopramide
St John's Wort
```
48
What is logoclonia?
Repeating the last syllable of a word
49
What is palilalia?
Repeating a whole word
50
What is perserveration?
When mental operations are continued beyond when they are relevant
Examples include palilalia and logoclonia
51
What is Rett syndrome?
Neurodevelopmental disorder similar to autism
| Normal development followed by decline after 1-2 years old
52
Behaviour in Rett syndrome?
```
Screaming attacks
Avoidant eye contact
Poor social interaction
Loss of fine motor skills
Stereotyped hand movements
Ataxia
```
53
After an act of self-harm what is the risk of completed suicide within the next year?
1%
54
Risk factors for suicide?
```
Male
Age>45
Divorced, single, widowed
Unemployed
High or low social class
Psychiatric illness
Previous self-harm
Chronic physical illness
Recent adverse life events
```
55
What section can an A&E doctor use and how long is it valid?
Section 4
| 72 hours
56
What is piblokto?
Inuit women
Sudden hysteria and bizarre behaviour
May be due to Vit A toxicity
57
What is windigo?
North American tribes
Believe body is possessed by spirit which craves human flesh
Obsessions and compulsions about cannibalism
58
What drug is preferable to treat delirium tremens in patients with hepatic failure?
Lorazepam
59
Which SSRI is most likely to lead to QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes
Citalopram
60
What risks do SSRIs pose in first trimester and third trimester of pregnancy?
```
First = congenital heart defects
Third = persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
```
61
What does paroxetine increase the risk of in the first trimester?
Increased risk of congenital cardiac malformations
62
What electrolyte abnormality are SSRIs associated with?
Hyponatraemia
63
What type of incontinence do TCAs cause?
Overflow incontinence due to anticholinergic effect
64
What is an affect illusion?
one in which a perception is altered depending on the mood state
65
What is a complete illusion?
when there is a lack of attention, and a perception is ‘incorrectly’ interpreted
66
What is a paraidolic illusion?
consist of shapes being seen in other objects
67
What is an extracampine hallucination?
one which occurs beyond the usual
| range of sensation
68
What is a functional hallucination?
when a hallucination is experienced only when
| an external stimulus is present in the same modality
69
What is a hypnagogic hallucination?
Occurs on falling asleep
70
What is a hypnopompic hallucination?
Occurs on waking up
71
What is a reflex hallucination?
similar to functional hallucinations but
| the stimulus is in a different modality to the hallucination
72
What is a delusional atmosphere?
AKA delusional mood
the state of perplexity or bewilderment in which sufferers feel that something is ‘going on’ but without being able to state exactly what
73
What are the 4 features of Gerstmann's syndrome? And which lobe is affected?
1. ‘Left-right’ disorientation
2. Dyscalculia (inability to perform arithmetical tasks)
3. Finger agnosia (inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand)
4. Agraphia (inability to write).
Parietal lobe injury
74
Where would tumours with symptoms of confabulation and amnesia most likely be?
Wall/floor of third ventricle
75
What is pellagra?
Niacin deficiency
76
Symptoms of pellagra?
GI - diarrhoea, gastritis, anorexia
| Psych - apathy, depression, irritability
77
What is temporal lobe epilepsy associated with?
psychological and psychiatric symptoms such as aura, sensory disturbances and depersonalization or derealization
78
What might precipitate an attack of acute intermittent porphyria?
menstruation
alcohol
poor nutrition
ocp
79
Side effects of aripiprazole?
Nausea
| Insomnia
80
How can a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder be made?
Symptoms of psychosis and mood symptoms present at the same time
81
Define dysthymia?
Chronic low grade mood disorder
82
How is brucellosis transmitted?
unpasteurized goat’s milk or contact with infected animals
83
What drug class is mirtazapine?
NaSSA
84
Incidence of OCD in men vs women?
1:1
85
MRI findings in Alzheimer's
Loss of volume in hippocampus
generalized cerebral atrophy
enlarged ventricles
prominent sulci
86
Triad in Lewy Body dementia?
visual hallucinations
fluctuating cognitive impairment
parkinsonism.
87
In older people what type of drugs increase in their duration of action and why?
BDZs
| Higher body fat proportion increases volume of distribution
88
Drugs which cause priapism?
Trazodone
| Chlorpromazine
89
Define frotteurism
the paraphilic activity of touching and
| rubbing against another person’s body for sexual pleasure
90
Define Kleine–Levin syndrome
characterized by distinct periods of extreme
| somnolence and excessive hunger
91
Define Time zone change syndrome
characterized by difficulty initiating
| and maintaining sleep as well as daytime fatigue
92
How long must substance misuse go on to claassify as harmful use?
1 month
93
Wernicke’s encephalopathy triad?
ataxia, confusion and ophthalmoplegia
94
Define Marchiafava–Bignami disease
a progressive neurological condition characterized by corpus callosum demyelination associated with chronic alcoholism
95
Acute psychological effects of cocaine?
increased alertness, formication, euphoria, irritability, delusions and hallucinations.
96
Similarities and differences between autism and aspergers?
```
Similarities:
Intense interest in restricted things
Abnormal social interaction
Motor clumsiness
Differences:
Aspergers has no language delay or cognitive difficulties
```
97
IQ classifications for learning disabilities?
Mild 50-70
Moderate 35-49
Severe 20-34
Profound <20
98
What therapy is good for depression resulting from loss?
Interpersonal therapy
99
Incidence of baby blues?
50-75%
100
AUDIT score cut offs?
```
1-7 = low risk consumption
8-14 = hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption
15+ = alcohol dependence
```
101
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Tx?
Dantrolene
102
List some symptoms of SSRI discontinuation syndrome
```
increased mood change
restlessness
difficulty sleeping
unsteadiness
sweating
gastrointestinal symptoms: pain, cramping, diarrhoea, vomiting
paraesthesia
```
103
Signs of opioid withdrawal?
```
Dilated pupils
Yawning
Rhinorrhoea
Epiphora
Agitation
Sweating
Piloerection
Vomiting
Shivering
Tachycardia
```
104
Tx for amitriptyline OD?
Bicarbonate (causes metabolic acidosis)
105
How does renewing a section 3 work?
First time you renew: 6 months
| After that can extend by 1 year
106
What constitutes a somatic syndrome of depression?
```
At least 4 of the following 8 biological symptoms:
Anhedonia
Decreased emotional reactivity
Early morning wakening
Diurnal variation
Agitation
Decreased appetite
Weight loss >5% in one month
Reduced libido
```
107
What is the proportion of people with completed suicide who have seen the GP in the last month?
66%
108
What is the annual incidence of suicide?
1 in 10,000
109
What is the annual incidence of self-harm?
3 in 1000
110
What is Ganser's syndrome?
Factitious disorder when people give approximate answers to questions to try and look psychotic e.g. how many legs does a donkey have? They say 12 rather than chicken wings
111
Tx for akathisia?
Low dose propranolol or lorazepam
112
When are Z drugs used?
Short term management of insomnia
113
3 talking therapies adults with anorexia can be offered? What can be offered if all 3 are ineffective
eating disorder-focussed CBT
MANTRA
SSCM
Offer focal psychodynamic therapy
114
Prescribing rules of MAOIs?
Only by a mental health specialist
| 2-week washout period beforehand
115
What is excited delirium?
```
Rare complication of cocaine/drug intoxication:
Profuse sweating
Delirium
Hallucinations
Super human strength
```
116
Which antidepressants are most associated with discontinuation syndrome?
Paroxetine
| Venlafaxine
117
Features of BDZ withdrawal?
```
Insomnia
Agitation
Anxiety
Tremor
Tinnitus
Sweating
```
118
Preferred SSRI in OCD? If unsuccessful what should you try?
Fluoxetine
| If after 12 weeks not working try another SSRI or clomipramine (TCA)
119
2 paediatric iq tests?
Wechsler Preschool and Primaryn Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) 2-7 years
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 6-16 years
120
Which hypnotics are recommended for insomnia causing day time impairment?
Temazepam
| Zopiclone
121
Which screening tools can be used to assess severity of social phobia?
Social phobia inventory (SPIN)
| Liebowitz social anxiety scale
122
What scale is used to assess suicide risk?
SADPERSONs
123
What falls under dissociative disorders?
disorders of physical functions under voluntary control
| loss of sensation
124
When should paracetamol level be measured in OD?
4 hours after ingestion
125
4 subtypes of behaviours in conduct disorder?
| How long and how many do you need for a diagnosis?
```
Aggression to people and animals
Destruction of property
Deceitfulness or theft
Serious violations of rules
3 out of 4 needed for at least 12 months and impair functioning
```
126
When can oppositional defiant disorder be a differential?
Age <11 years
127
1st and 2nd line treatments for prevention of relapse in alcohol withdrawal?
1. Acamprosate and naltrexone - anti-craving effect
| 2. Disulfiram - immediate hangover
128
What to do if patient does not meet criteria for ADHD but it is suspected?
10 week watch and wait period
129
Tx for assisted heroin withdrawal?
Oral methadone
Sublingual buprenorphine
Lofexidine (alpha-2 agonist)
130
What do NICE recommend monitoring for patients starting on an SNRI and when should this be done?
BP (associated with HTN)
| At initiation and after each dose titration
131
What can some people starting SSRIs be at high risk of and when should it be monitored?
Hyponatraemia
| U&Es before tx, 2-4 weeks after starting tx and every 3 months after
132
What antidepressant do NICE recommend to people on warfarin/heparin?
Mirtazapine
133
Which patients should be reviewed a week after starting antidepressants?
When should everyone else be reviewed?
Under 30 years old
High suicide risk
Everyone else after 2 weeks
134
SEs of clozapine?
agranulocytosis (1%), neutropaenia (3%)
reduced seizure threshold - can induce seizures in up to 3% of patients
constipation
myocarditis: a baseline ECG should be taken before starting treatment
hypersalivation
PE
135
Smoking cessation causes a rise in blood levels of which drug?
Clozapine
136
Which SSRI specifically for body dysmorphic syndrome?
Fluoxetine
137
How long should SSRI tx be continued in OCD if successful?
12 months
138
When do fasting blood glucose and prolactin need to be monitored in patients on atypical antipsychotics?
at the start of therapy
at 6 months
annually
139
When do lipids and weight need to be monitored in patients on atypical antipsychotics?
at the start of therapy
at 3 months
annually
140
Which drugs increase lithium levels and therefore should be avoided?
NSAIDs
ACEi and thiazide diuretics
SSRIs
Anti psychotics
141
Blood abnormalities with valproate and carbamazepine?
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Abnormal LFTs (valproate)
142
Relative contraindications to AChEIs?
GI disease
Recent pancreatitis
CVS disease: bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, AV block, asthma, COPD
143
Mx of BPSD? How long can you give it for? What does it increase risk of?
Risperidone
12 weeks
Increased stroke risk x3
144
What are neonates with mother's on olanzapine during pregnancy monitored for?
```
Agitation
Feeding problems
Resp distress
Tremor
Hyper/hypotonia
Drowsiness
```
145
Antidepressants post-partum?
1. SSRIs
| 2. TCAs
146
1st line antipsychotics post-partum?
Olanzapine but must stop breast feeding
147
Prolonged QTc in man and woman?
Men >440ms
| Women >460ms
148
New SNRI good for reducing sexual dysfunction side effects?
Reboxetine
149
Psychological therapies for bipolar?
DBT
| Mentalisation based therapy
150
Risk factors for the development of GAD?
Aged 35- 54
Being divorced or separated
Living alone
Being a lone parent
151
How should SSRIs be discontinued?
| Which is an exception?
gradually reduced over a 4 week period
| Fluoxetine due to longer half life
152
Lack of which neurotransmitter causes anhedonia?
Dopamine
153
Mnemonic for negative symptoms of schizo?
L Loss of volition, underactivity and social withdrawal
E Emotional flatness, lose normal modulation of mood
S Speech is reduced, monosyllabic if at all
S Slowness in thought and movement, psychomotor retardation may occur
154
Mnemonic for positive symptoms of schizo?
T Thinking may become disturbed, neologism usage
H Hallucinations may occur, usually auditory
R Reduced contact with reality, the natural barrier between subjective and objective deteriorates
E Emotional control may be disturbed with inappropriate laughter or anger (incongruous affect)
A Arousal may lead to worsening of symptoms
D Delusions may occur
155
Where can a DoLS be applied?
If a patient lives in a care home/is currently admitted to hospital
156
Early symptoms of vascular dementia?
Gait disturbance
Urinary symptoms
Change in mood and concentration
157
What is interpersonal therapy for?
To explore reasons/circumstances contributing to depression
158
What is paroxetine licensed for use as?
SSRI in major depression
159
What would be seen on PET scan of a patient with schizophrenia?
Hypoactivity of frontal lobes and enlarged cerebral ventricles
160
Target lithium levels?
0. 8-1.0mM/L (acute mania)
| 0. 6-1.0mM/L (prophylaxis)
161
Lithium toxicity symptoms?
```
Tremor
GI upset
Polyuria/polydipsia - feeling dry
Psoriasis
Weight gain
Hypothyroidism/DI long term
```
162
Besides BPD when is lithium used?
Augmentation therapy in tx-resistant depression
163
ICD 10 classifications for depression severity
Mild: 4
Moderate: 5-6
Severe: 7+
164
Exception to EMDR in PTSD?
Combat related trauma
165
Which of clozapine's side effects is dose dependent?
Seizure threshold
166
What is ekbom syndrome?
Delusion that you are infested with parasites
167
Metabolic/physiological derangements in anorexia?
```
hypokalaemia
low FSH, LH, oestrogens and testosterone
raised cortisol and growth hormone
impaired glucose tolerance
hypercholesterolaemia
hypercarotinaemia
low T3
```
168
Time frames for adjustment disorder?
starts within 3 months of event
| duration <6 months
169
What is seen on MRI of a patient with vascular dementia?
Lacunar lesions
170
Features of friedrich's ataxia? Age of presentation?
```
Ataxia
Dysarthria/dysphagia
Talipes/MSK problems
HOCM
DM
Presents in childhood/adolescence
```
171
Risk of schizo if family member affected?
1st degree relative is 1/10
| twin is 50%)
172
Assisted alcohol withdrawal - where and what?
Mild dependence: not needed
Moderate dependence: community assisted
Severe dependence: inpatient
Fixed dose reducing regimen of chlordiazepoxide
173
Exceptions to community assisted withdrawal in moderate alcohol dependence?
high risk of developing alcohol withdrawal seizures or delirium tremens
decompensated liver disease
174
Symptoms of frontotemporal degeneration?
```
personality and behaviour changes
language problems
problems with mental abilities
memory problems
physical problems: slow/stiff movements, loss of bladder or bowel control, muscle weakness or difficulty swallowing
```
175
When does frontotemporal degeneration present?
Age 45-60
176
Difference between korsakov's and wernicke's encephalopathy?
Korsakov's: short term memory loss + confabulation
| Wernicke's: confusion + nystagmus + 6th nerve palsy
177
How long must symptoms have lasted for a diagnosis of somatisation syndrome?
2 years
178
What should you do if a person with known BPD on antidepressants and antipsychotics becomes manic?
Stop the antidepressants immediately
179
Risks of lithium in pregnancy?
Ebstein's anomaly
| Wolf parkinson white
180
3 psychopathological hallmarks of autism?
Difficulties with reciprocal social interactions
Difficulties with speech and communication
Restricted stereotyped, repetitive behaviours
181
Extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics? Tx for them?
Dystonia - procyclidine
Akathisia - beta blocker
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia - tetrabenazine
182
4 rating scales used to assess alcohol use/dependence?
AUDIT to identify use disorder
SADQ to determine severity of dependence
CIWA-Ar for severity of withdrawal
APQ to assess then nature of problems arising from alcohol
183
FRAMES structure for motivational interview?
| What should be covered?
feedback, responsibility, advice, menu, empathy, self-efficacy
Cover potential harm caused by their level of drinking and reasons for changing the behaviour (inc health/wellbeing benefits)
Identify barriers to change
Outline practical strategies to help reduce alcohol consumption (to address 'menu' component of FRAMES)
Lead to a set of goals
184
ICD10 criteria for alcohol dependence? How many do you need?
1. Compulsion/strong desire to drink
2. hard to control consumption
3. Withdrawal symptoms on stopping
4. Tolerance
5. Neglecting other activities
6. Persisting despite clear evidence of harmful consequences
At least 3 at once during the past year needed for diagnosis
185
NICE recommended cognitive tools in dementia?
10-point Cognitive Screener (10-CS)
6-item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT)
Memory Impairment Screener (MIS)
Mini-Cog
186
Which class of drug inhibits serotonin re-uptake at pre-synaptic terminals only?
SSRIs
187
Which class of drug inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake?
SNRIs
188
Which class of drug competitively inhibits MAO receptors?
MAOIs
189
Which class of drug inhibits serotonin re-uptake at pre-synaptic terminals and acts as a serotonin antagonist?
Serotonin modulators (trazodone)
190
Which class of drug inhibits dopamine re-uptake at pre-synaptic terminals and has a weak effect on norepinephrine?
Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (bupropion)
191
Which class of drug blocks presynaptics alpha-2-adrenergic receptors thus leading to an increase in NA and serotonin? What other action do they have?
NaSSA
| Also block post synaptic 5HT2 and 5HT3 receptors
192
Which class of drugs inhibit NA and serotonin reuptake in presynaptic terminals?
TCAs
193
What to do in paracetamol overdose?
If ingestion less than 1 hour ago + dose >150mg/kg: Activated charcoal
If staggered overdose or ingestion >15 hours ago: Start N-acetylcysteine immediately
If ingestion <4 hours ago: Wait until 4 hours to take a level and treat with N-acetylcysteine based on level
If ingestion 4-15 hours ago: Take immediate level and treat based on level
194
Symptoms of refeeding syndrome? What do you see on initial bloods?
Oedema, confusion and tachycardia
| Hypophosphataemia
195
Triad in normal pressure hydrocephalus?
| What would you see on CT head?
Urinary incontinence
Gait dysfunction
Dementia
Enlarged ventricles and absent sulci
196
Delirium mnemonic?
D - Drugs and Alcohol (Anti-cholinergics, opiates, anti-convulsants, recreational)
E - Eyes, ears and emotional
L - Low Output state (MI, ARDS, PE, CHF, COPD)
I - Infection
R - Retention (of urine or stool)
I - Ictal
U - Under-hydration/Under-nutrition
M - Metabolic (Electrolyte imbalance, thyroid, wernickes
(S) - Subdural, Sleep deprivation
197
Which hay fever drug can cause delirium in elderly?
Chlorphenamine (1st gen H1 antagonist + anticholinergic activity)
198
Good prognostic indicators in schizophrenia?
```
High IQ/education level
Sudden onset
Obvious precipitating factor such as a traumatic life event
A strong support network
Positive symptoms predominant
```
199
1st line Tx for alzheimer's if mild, moderate and severe?
Mild - moderate: donepezil or rivastigmine
| Moderate - severe: memantine
200
MMSE score and AD severity?
mild AD: MMSE 21–26
moderate AD: MMSE 10–20
moderately severe AD: MMSE 10–14
severe AD: MMSE less than 10.
201
Alpha-synuclein cytoplasmic inclusions?
Lewy body dementia
202
Spongiotic changes and neuronal death
sporadic CJD
203
SEs of anticholinesterase drugs?
```
Diarrhoea
N&V
bradycardia
increased saliva
urinary incontinence
```
204
3 hallmarks of anorexia in DSM5?
1. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health.
2. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight.
3. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
205
DSM 5 criteria for bulimia?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and circumstances)
A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode
Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise.
The binge eating and compensatory behaviours both occur, on average, at least once a week for three months.
self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa
206
What are the 4 main diagnostic criteria of anorexia in ICD10?
1. BMI <17.5
2. Deliberate weight loss
3. Distorted body image
4. Endocrine dysfunction
207
Questionnaire for eating disorders? What are the qs?
SCOFF questionnaire:
Do you make yourself Sick because you feel uncomfortably full?
Do you worry you have lost Control over how much you eat?
Have you recently lost more than One stone in a 3 month period?
Do you believe yourself to be Fat when others say you are too thin?
Would you say that Food dominates your life?
208
Electrolyte imbalance in refeeding?
low phosphate, potassium and magnesium - KPMG
209
Charity to recommend for eating disorders?
BEAT
210
How to withdraw from benzos?
In steps of 1/8th daily dose every fortnight
211
Questionnaire for childhood depression?
Childhood depression index
212
Which childhood syndromes cause learning difficulties?
Fragile X
Cri du Chat
William's
Down's
213
List 3 educational/behavioural interventions that might be useful in ASD?
Applied behavioural analysis (young children)
Early start denver model
More than words (Hanen programme)
214
3 features of ED-CBT
Control
Low self-esteem
Perfectionism
40 sessions over 40 weeks
215
What medication can be given short term to a LD patient with challenging behaviour?
Risperidone
