Hardware Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Twisted pair copper cabling
A
-Balanced pair operation (two wires with equal and opposite signals) (transmit+, transmit-, receive+, receive-)
-The twist keeps a single wire constantly moving away from the interface
2
Q
Copper cable categories
A
Category 5, 5e (enhanced), 6, 6a (augmented)
3
Q
Category 5 (cable)
A
Ethernet Standard: 1000BASE-T
Max Support Distance: 100 meters
4
Q
Category 5e (cable)
A
Ethernet Standard: 1000BASE-T
Max Support Distance: 100 meters
5
Q
Category 6
A
Ethernet Standard: 10 GBASE-T
Max Support Distance:
Unshielded = 55 meters
Shielded = 100 meters
6
Q
Category 6a (cable)
A
Ethernet Standard: 10 GBASE-T
Max Support Distance: 100 meters
7
Q
Coaxial cables
A
-Two or more forms share a common axis
-RG-6 used in television/digital cable and high-speed internet over cable
8
Q
Plenum space
A
-a part of the building that provides air circulation
9
Q
Plenum-rated cable
A
-Polyvinyl chloride (PCV) - traditional - low-smoke
-Fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP) - fire-rated
10
Q
UTP cable
A
-Unshielded Twisted Pair
-No additional shielding
-The most common twisted pair cabling
11
Q
STP
A
-Shielded Twisted Pair
-Additional shielding protects against interference
-Shield each pair and/or the overall cable
-Requires cable to be grounded
12
Q
Cable Abbreviations
A
U = Unshielded
S = Braided Shielding
F = Foil Shielding
(Overall cable)/(Individual pairs) TP
Example: S/FTP is braided shielding around the entire cable and foil around the pairs
13
Q
Direct burial STP
A
-Buried cable in the ground
-Provides protection from the elements
-Often filled with gel to repel water
-Conduit may not be needed
-Protects against signal interference
14
Q
Fiber communication
A
-Transmission by light
-No RF signal (radio frequency) (very difficult to monitor or tap)
-Transmission over long distances
15
Q
Multimode fiber
A
-Short-range communication
-Up to 2km
-Relatively inexpensive light source (ie LED)
16
Q
Single-mode fiber
A
-Long-range communication
-Up to 100km w/o processing
-Expensive light source (commonly uses lasers)
17
Q
International ISO/IEC 11801
A
-Defines classes of networking standards
18
Q
TIA
A
-Telecommunications Industry Assoiation
-Standards, market analysis, trade shows, govt affairs, etc
19
Q
ANSI/TIA-568
A
-Commercial building telecommunications cabling standard
-Commonly referenced for pin and pair assignments of eight-conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted pair cabling (T568A and T568B)
20
Q
Can you terminate one side of the cable with 568A and the other with 568B?
A
No!
-Not the meaning of gigabit ethernet crossover cable!
21
Q
T568A colors in order
A
- white and green
- green
- white and orange
- blue
- white and blue
- orange
- white and brown
- brown
22
Q
T568B colors in order
A
- white and orange
- orange
- white and green
- blue
- white and blue
- green
- white and brown
- brown
23
Q
USB
A
-Universal Serial Bus
-Physical connections between devices
24
Q
USB 1.1
A
-Low speed: 1.5 Mb/s, 3 meters
-Full speed: 12 Mb/s, 5 meters
25
USB 2.0
-480 Mb/s, 5 meters
26
USB 3.0/USB 3.1 Gen 1/USB 3.2 Gen 1
-SuperSpeed
-5 Gb/s, ~3 meters
27
USB-C
-No top or bottom
-USB-C describes the physical connector not the signal
-24-pin double-sided USB connector (used for both hosts and devices)
-Used for USB, Thunderbolt
--Interface is the same, signal can vary
28
USB 3.1/ USB 3.1 Gen 2/USB 3.2 Gen2
-SuperSpeed+
-Twice the rate of USB 3.0/USB 3.1 Gen 1
-10 Gb/s
29
USB 3.2 Gen 1x2
-Bandwidth can double w/ USB-C cables
-Uses an extra 'lane' of communication associated w/ the flip-flop wires in USB-C
-10Gb/s using two 'Gen 1' lanes
30
USB 3.2 Gen 2x2
-SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps using two 'Gen 2" lanes
31
Thunderbolt
-High-speed serial connector
-Data and power on the same cable
-Based on Mini Display Port (MDP) standard
32
Thunderbolt v1
-Two channels
-10 Gbps per channel
-20 Gbps total throughput
-Mini Display Port connector
33
Thunderbolt v2
-20 Gbps aggregated channels
-Mini Display Port connector
34
Thunderbolt v3
-40 Gbps aggregated throughput
-USB-C connector
-max 3 meters (copper)
-60 meters (optical)
-daisy-chain up to 6 devices
35
Serial Console Cables
-D-Subminiature or D-Sub
(the letter refers to the connector size)
-Commonly used for RS-232 (Recommended Standard)
-Used for modems, printers, mice, networking
36
VGA
-Video Graphis Array
-DE-15 connector
-Blue color (PC System Design guide)
-Video only (no audio signal)
-Analog signal (no digital)
--Image degrades after 5-10 meters
37
HDMI
-High-Definition Multimedia Interface
-Video and audio stream (all digital no analog)
- ~20 meter distance before losing too much signal
-19-pin (Type A) connector (proprietary connector)
38
Display Port
-Digital information sent in packetized form
--Carries both audio and video
-Compatible w/ HDMI and DVI (passive adapter)
39
DVI
-Display Visual Interface
-Single and dual link video
--Single: 3.7 Gbps (HDTV at 60 fps)
--Dual: 7.4 Gbps (HDTV at 85 fps)
(fps= frames per second)
-No audio support
40
DVI-A
Analog signal
41
DVI-D
Digital signal
42
DVI-I
-Integrated
-Digital and analog in the same connector
43
SATA
-Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
-A command and transport protocol that defines how data is transferred between a computer's motherboard and mass storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), optical drives and solid-state drives (SSDs).
44
Types of SATA
-SATA Revision 1.0: 1.5 Gbps, 1 meter
-SATA Revision 2.0: 3 Gbps. 1 meter
-SATA Revision 3.0: 6 Gbps, 1 meter
-SATA Revision 3.2: 16Gbps, 1 meter
-eSATA: External SATA, matches the SATA version, 2 meters
45
SCSI Standard
-Small Computer Systems Interface Standard
-A set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices.
-The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, electrical, optical and logical interfaces.
46
SCSI advantages
-Not just for hard drives (scanners, tape drives, CD drives)
-Many devices on a single bus
--8 on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus
-Much of the difficult configuration work is done between the SCSI devices
-Industry longevity
47
SCSI ID
-Every SCSI device on a single bus is assigned a separate ID number
-SCSI ID 0: SCSI Controller
-SCSI ID 2: Hardware
-SCSI ID 3: CD-ROM
48
LUNs
-Logical Units
-Defined within each SCSI ID
-Separate drives in a storage array or virtual machine
49
Serial attached SCSI
-Move from physical to serial
-Increased throughput
-Similar to the move from PATA to SATA
-Point-to-point connection (no more daisy chains)
-No termination required (the bus has two devices on it)
-The control and management of SCSI (the speed of a serial connection)
50
PATA Standard
-Parallel AT Attachment, Parallel ATA, ATA
51
DVI to HDMI
-They are electrically compatible
-HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-D
-No signal conversion required
-No loss of video quality
52
DVI to VGA
-DVI-A includes analog signals
-Backward compatible with VGA
-Only 640x480 is officially supported
-May only need an adapter (analog to analog)
-VGA to DVI-D will need a converter
53
USB to Ethernet
-Some laptops don't have a wired Ethernet interface
-Convert USB to Ethernet
54
USB-C to USB-A
-Merge the new with the old
55
USB Hub
-connect many devices
-High-speed USB connectivity
56
RJ11 Connector
-Registered Jack type 11
-6 position, 2 conductor (6P2C)
-Some cables will wire additional conductors
-Telephone or DSL connection
-Copper connectors
57
RJ45 Connector
-Registered Jack type 45
-8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C)
-Modular connector
-Ethernet
58
F-connector
-Cable television
-Cable modem
-DOCSIS (Digital Over Cable Service Interface Specification)
59
Punchdown block
-Wire-to-wire patch panel
-No intermediate interface required
-Wires are 'punched' into the block
-Connecting block is on top
-Additional wires punched into connecting block (patch the top to the bottom)
60
Molex Connector
-4-pin peripheral power connector
-Molex Connector Company
-AMP MATE-N-Lok
-Provides +12V and +5V
-Power for many devices in the computer case (storage devices, optical drives, fans)
it connects your computer power supply to drives and devices inside the computer
61
Lightning
-Apple proprietary
-8-pin digital signals
Advantages over Mirco-USB:
-Higher power output for phones and tablets
-Can be inserted either way
62
LC
-Local Connector
-Fiber connector type
63
ST
-Straight Tip
-Fiber connector type
64
SC
-Subscriber Connector
-"Square Connector"
-Fiber connector type
65
RAM
-Random Access Memory
-Most common computer memory
-Different from hard drive or SSD storage
-Data and programs can only be used when to RAM
66
RAM Slots
-slot allows RAM to be inserted into the computer. Most motherboards have two to four memory slots, which determine the type of RAM used with the computer.
67
DIMM
-Dual In-line Memory Module
-a module that contains one or several random access memory (RAM) chips on a small circuit board with pins that connect it to the computer motherboard
68
SO-DIMM
-Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module
-About half the width as a DIMM
-Used in laptops and mobile devices
69
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
-The memory on the DIMM
-'Dynamic' b/c needs constant refreshing
--w/o refreshing, the data in memory disappears
-'Random Access': any storage location can be accessed directly
70
SDRAM
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
-Synchronous with the common system clock
--Queue up one process while waiting for another
71
SDR
-Single Data Rate
-One data per clock cycle
72
DDR
-Double Data Rate
-Two data per clock cycle
73
DDR3 SDRAM
-Double Data Rate 3 Synchronized Dynamic Random Access Module
-Twice the data rate of DDR2
-Larger chip capacities - max 16 GB per DIMM
74
DDR5 SDRAM
-Double Data Rate 5
-Faster data transfer b/t the memory module and motherboard
-Max of 64 GB per DIMM
75
Virtual Memory
-Swap currently unused application data to storage
--Free up space for other applications
-Managed automatically by the operating system
76
Multi-Channel Memory
-Dual-channel, triple channel, or quad-channel
-Memory combinations should match
-Memory module slots are often colored differently
77
Parity memory
-Adds an additional parity bit
-Won't always detect an error
-Can't correct an error
78
ECC
-Error Correcting Code
-Detects errors and corrects on the fly
-Not all systems use ECC
-It looks the dame as non-ECC memory
79
Parity
-Even parity
-The parity bit makes an even number
-a technique that checks whether data has been lost or written over when it is moved from one place in storage to another or when it is transmitted between computers.
80
HDD
-Hard Disk Drivers
-Non-volatile magnetic storage
--Rapidly rotating platters
-Random-access
--Retrieve data from any part of the drive at any time
-Moving parts: spinning platters and moving actuator arm
--Mechanical components limit the access speed
81
HDD Rotational Speed vs Avg Rotational Latency
15,000 - 2ms
10,000 - 3ms
7,200 - 4.16ms
5,400 - 5.55ms
82
SSD
-Solid-state drives
-Very fast performance (no spinning drive delays
83
mSATA
-Mini-Synchronous Advanced Technology Attachment
-Shrink the SATA drive into smaller devices
--great for laptops and mobile devices
-Smaller than 2.5" SATA drives
-quickly replaced by m.2 standard
84
AHCI
-Advanced Host Controller Interface
-SATA was designed for hard drives and uses AHCI to move drive data to RAM
-SATA revision 3 throughput up to 600MB/s
85
NVMe
-Non-Volatile Memory Express
-Designed for SSD speed (SSD needs faster communication than AHCI)
-Lower latency, supports higher throughputs
86
M.2 Interface
-Smaller form factor
-No SATA data or power cables
-Can use a PCI Express bus connection
--4Gbps throughput or faster when using NVMe
-Different connector types (B-key, M-key, or Band M-key)
87
Flash drives
-Flash memory
-EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)
--No power required to retain data
-Limited number of writes (can still read the data)
-Not designed for archival storage (easy to lose or damage)
88
CF
-Compact Flash
-type of flash drive
89
SD
-Secure Digital
-Type of flash drive
90
Optical drives
-Small bumps read with a laser beam
--Microscopic binary storage
-Relatively slow - archival media
-Ex: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Blu-Ray
91
RAID
-Redundant Array of Independent Disks
-Inexpensive disks
-Some redundant some not
92
RAID 0
-Striping
-File blocks are split b/t two or more physical drives
-Data written quickly but no redundancy
--A drive failure breaks the array
Disk 0 (Block 1A)(Block 3A)(Block 5A)
Disk 1 (Block 2A)(Block 4A)(Block 6A)
93
RAID 1
-File blocks are duplicated b/t two or more physical drives
-High disk utilization and high redundancy
Disk 0(Block 1)(Block 2)(Block 3)
Disk 1(Block 1)(Block 2)(Block 3)
94
RAID 5
-Striping w/ parity
-File blocks are striped along with a parity block (requires at least three disks)
-Files aren't duplicated but space is still used for parity
-Data is available after drive failure
Disk 0(Block 1A)(Block 1B)(Parity C)
Disk 1(Block 2A)(Parity B)(Block 2C)
Disk 2(Parity A)(Block 3B)(Block 3C)
95
RAID 10 / RAID 1+0
-A strip of mirrors
-The speed of striping and the redundancy of mirroring (best of both worlds)
-Need at least 4 disks
Disk 0(Block 1)(Block 3)(Block 5)
Disk 1(Block 1)(Block 3)(Block 5)
Disk 2(Block 2)(Block 4)(Block 6)
Disk 3(Block 2)(Block 4)(Block 6)
96
ATX
-Advanced Technology Extended
-One of the motherboard form factors
-Power
--20 pin connector
--24 pin connector, additional 4/8 pin connector
97
ITX
-Information Technology Extended
-One of the motherboard form factors
-A series of low-power motherboards (small form factor)
-Mini-ITX is screw-compatible w/ ATX
-Single-purpose computing (ie streaming media)
98
Computer bus
-the method by which data is communicated between all the internal pieces of a computer
99
Conventional PCI
-Peripheral Component Interconnect
-Extension on a motherboard
-Expansion options
--32 bit and 64 bit bus width
--Parallel communication
-A common expansion interface on previous computer generations - PCI Express replaces it
100
PCIe
-PCI Express
-Communicates serially
--Unidirectional serial 'lanes'
--Slower devices don't slow everyone down
-'x' is 'by' full duplex lanes
--x1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x32
101
24-pin motherboard power
-Main motherboard power
-Provides +3.3V, +/-5V, and +/-12V
-20-pin connector was the original ATX Standard (24-pin was added for PCIe power)
102
4-pin ATX
-ATX 12V motherboards
-Additional 12 volt power for older motherboards (used primarily for CPU)
103
Headers
-A pin header
--A simple electrical interface
--The connector is attached to a header
-Many different uses: power, peripheral connections, lights, buttons
104
AMD vs Intel
-Two CPU manufactures
-AMD tends to be more expensive
-Different socket designs per motherboard type
-AMD is value and Intel is performance
105
Server motherboards
-Multi-socket (supports multiple physical CPU packages/split the load)
-Memory slots (supports 4+ modules)
-Expansion slots (many slots and different sizes)
-Designed for a rack-mounted system
--Larger ATX-sized system
106
Desktop motherboards
-Range from full-size motherboards to compact or monitor-only systems
-Single CPU
-Memory slots (usually two or four)
-Expansion slots (may have limited options)
107
Mobile Motherboards
-Laptops (small and light)
-CPUs (limited in speed/thermal throttling)
-Limited system modification (memory, CPU, functionality)
-Portability (smaller devices/low power consumption)
108
System board
-Proprietary (built to fit)
-Replacement isn't easy (swap the entire board)
109
BIOS
-Basic Input/Output System
-Software used to start your computer
--The firmware
--System BIOS, ROM BIOS
--ROM or flash memory
-Initializes CPU and memory
--Build the workplace
-Post (Power-On Self test)
-Look for a boot loader
110
UEFI BIOS
-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
-A defined standard and implemented by the manufacturers
-Designed to replace the legacy BIOS
--Graphical and text-based
111
How to get to BIOS Settings in Windows 8, 10, 11?
-Since Windows does a fast startup (not a full shutdown) you can't open BIOS config
-From Windows desktop, hold down shift when clicking restart
-Settings/Update and Security/Recovery/Advanced startup/ restart now
-System configuration (ms Config)
-Interrupt normal boot three times - presents the boot option
112
Boot options
-What happens when you power on
-Disable hardware
-Modify the boot order (what boots first)
113
USB permissions
-A security challenge (DoD attack in 2008)
--Very small storage device
--Very large capacities
-Convenient and high speed
114
Fans
-CPU fan
-Chassis fan
-Motherboards often include an integrated fan controller and temp sensor
--Motherboards increase and decrease the fan speeds
115
Secure Boot
-Part of the UEFI specification
-Digitally sign known-good software
--Cryptographically secure
--Software won't run without the proper signature
116
UEFI BIOS Secure Boot
-BIOS includes the manufacture's public key
-Digital signature is checked during a BIOS update
-BIOS prevents unauthorized write to the flash
-Secure boot verifies the bootloader
--Checks the OS bootloader's digital signature
-Bootloader must be signed with a trusted cert or a manually approved digital signature
117
Boot password management
-BIOS password/ user password
-System won't start without the password
118
CMOS
-Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
-an onboard, battery-powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information. This information ranges from the system time and date to your computer's hardware settings.
-Coin battery
-Not needed for today's flash-based storage
-A bad battery will require a BIOS config on every boot
-On older systems, can reset the BIOS config by removing the battery - newer computers use a jumper
119
TPM
-Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
-A specification for cryptographic functions
--Hardware to help w/ encryption functions
-Cryptographic processor
-Random number generator, key generators
-Comes w/ unique keys burned in during production
-Versatile memory (storage keys, hardware config info)
-Password protected - no dictionary attacks
120
Hardware Security Module (HSM)
-Often used in large environments (clusters, redundant power)
-High-end cryptographic hardware (plug-in card or separate hardware device)
-Key backup
--Secured storage for servers
--Lightweight HSMs for personal use (smart card, USB, flash memory)
-Cryptographic accelerators
--Offload that CPU overhead from other devices
121
ARM
-Advanced RISC Machine
-CPU architecture
-Simplified instruction set - efficient and fast- less power/less heat
-Traditionally used for mobile and IoT but now more universal
122
Processor core
-Dual-core/Quad-core/Octa-core/Multi-core
-Multiple cores
--Each core has it's own cache
--The entire chip may have a shared cache
123
Multithreading
-the ability of a CPU to provide multiple threads of execution concurrently, supported by the operating system
124
HTT
-Hyper-Threading Technology
-Type of multithreading?
-One CPU, acts like two
-Doesn't actually work as fast as two
--15-30% performance improvement
-OS must be written for HTT (Windows XP or newer)
125
Visualization support
-Run other OSs within a single hardware platform
-Virtualization added to the processor
--Hardware is faster and easier to manage
-VT (Virtualization Technology)
-AMD-V
126
Expansion cards
-Extend the functionality of your computer
127
Sound card
-Output (high-end audio, advanced headphone amp, home theater)
-Multiple inputs (microphones, podcasting, music capture)
128
Video Card
-Many CPUs include an integrated GPU
--Video functionality is built into the CPU package
-Discrete graphics
--The GPU is not part of the CPU
129
Capture card
-Video as an input (video capture, live streaming, external cameras)
-PCIe connection
130
NIC
-Network Interface card
-Ethernet connection
-a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network
131
Case fans
-Cool air is pulled through a personal computer
132
On-board fans
-Designed to cool an entire adapter card
-Bulky - usually seen on high-end graphics cards
133
Fan specifications
-Standard sizes (80mm, 120mm, 200mm, etc)
-Different speeds - different noise levels
134
Fan-less/passive cooling
-Used for video servers, TV set top box, satellite receiver, media server
-Heat sinks
135
Heat sink
-Dissipate heat through thermal conduction (copper or aluminum alloy)
-Pins/grid increase surface area
-Uses thermal paste/pad
136
Thermal paste
-Thermal grease, conductive grease
-Thermally conductive adhesive
-Used between the heat sink and the component
137
Thermal pad
-Conducts heat to heat sinks
-Not as effective as thermal paste
-Not resusable
138
Liquid cooling
-Coolant is circulated through a computer
-Used in high-end systems, gaming, graphics
139
Computers use which type of voltage?
-DC (direct current) voltage
-Most power sources provide AC voltage
-Convert 120V AC/240V AC to 3.3V DC/5V DC/12V DC
140
Amp
-Ampere (Amp, A)
-The rate of electron flow past a point in one second
141
V
-Voltage, volt, V
-Electrical 'pressure' pushing the electrons
142
Power
-Watt (W)
-Measure of real power use
-volts*amps=watts
-120V*0.5A=60W
143
AC
-Alternating current
-Direction of current constantly reverses
-Distributes electricity efficiently over long distances
-Frequency of the cycle is different in different countries
--US/Canada - 110-120 volt of AC (VAC), 60Hz
--Europe - 220-240 VAC, 50 Hz
144
DC
-Direct current
-Current moves in one direction with a constant V
145
Dual-voltage input options
-Due to different voltage in different countries, need to manually switch power supply or use an auto-switching power supply
146
what uses +12V?
-PCIe adapters, hard drive motors, cooling fans, most modern components
147
What uses +5V?
-Some motherboard components
-Many components are now using +3.3V
148
What uses +3.3V?
M.2 slots RAM slots, motherboard logic circuits
149
+5VSB
-Standby voltage
150
What uses -12V?
-Integrated LAN, older serial ports, some PCI cards
151
What uses -5V?
-ISA adapter cards (out-of-date tech)
152
Redundant power supplies
-Two (or more) power supplies
-Internal to the server
-Each power supply can handle 100% of the load which makes it hot-swappable so you can replace a faulty power supply w/o powering down
153
Fixed connector
-Fixed power supply connector
-Connected to the power supply
-May have too many or not enough connectors
154
Modular connector
-Modular power supply connector
-Add cables as needed
-Fewer leftover wires, better airflow
-A bit more expensive
155
MFD
-Multifunction Device
-Printer, scanner, fax, network connection, phone line connection, print from web
156
Printer drivers
-Specific to a printer model
-Need to correct operating system drivers (Windows 10 vs 11) and correct version of the OS (32-bit vs 64-bit)
157
PCL
-Printer Command Language
-Created by HP
-Commonly used across the industry
158
PostScript
-Created by Adobe
-Popular with high end printers
159
Wired Device Sharing
-USB type B is the most common connector
-USB type B on the printer and USB type A for the computer
-Ethernet - RJ45 connector
160
Wireless Device Sharing
-Bluetooth
-802.11 infrastructure mode
--many devices using an access point
-802.11 Ad hoc mode
--no access point
--direct link b/t wireless devices
161
Print share
-Printer connected to a computer
-The computer shares the printer
-Computer needs to be running
162
Print server
-Print directly to the printer
-Jobs are queued and managed on the printer
-Web-based front-end
163
Printer Security
-User authentication
-Set rights and permissions
164
Flatbed scanner
-Different form factors
-All-in-one multifunction device or stand alone flatbed
-May include an ADF (Automatic Document Feeder)
165
Network Scan Services
-Scan to email
-Scan to folder
--Using SMB (Server Message Block)
--Send to a Microsoft share
-Scan to cloud
--Cloud storage account
--Google Drive, Dropbox, etc
166
Laser Printer
-Combines a laser, high voltage, charged ions, powdered ink, heat, and paper
-High quality, fast, and complex
167
Imaging drum
-Used in a laser printer
-Image is drawn onto a photosensitive drum ('painted' with a laser)
168
Fuser assembly
-Part of a laser printer
-Heat and pressure
-Melt plastic toner powder onto paper
169
Separation pad
-Part of a printer
-Pull just the top sheet from the paper tray
170
Duplexing assembly
-Part of the printer that 'flips' the page for printing on both sides
171
The laser printing process
1. Processing
-Build the entire page in memory
2. Charging
-Prepare the drum with a negative electrostatic charge
3. Exposure
-Write the image with the laser
4. Developing
-Add negatively-charged toner to the imaging drum
5. Transferring
-Move the toner from the drum to the paper
6. Fusing
-Heat and pressure
7. Cleaning
-Remove excess toner
172
OPC drum
-Organic Photoconductor drum
-Can be part of the toner when replacing a laser printer toner
-Sensitive to light
173
Inkjet printer
-Ink-dispersion
-In-expensive tech but ink is expensive and proprietary to the brand of printer
-Eventually fades and print head clogs easily
174
Ink Cartridges
-Place drops of ink onto a page
-CMYK
175
Carriage and belt
-Part of inkjet printers
Ink cartridges are in the carriage and move over the paper
-Belt moves the carriage back and forth
176
Thermal printers
-White paper turned black when heated
-Full-length heating element (no moving print head)
-Clean with isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
177
Impact Printer
-Dot-matrix printer
-Print head with a small matrix of pins and presses against a ribbon to make a mark on purpose
-Good for carbon/multiple copies
-Uses tractor feed
-Not common, noisy, poor graphics
178
Tractor feed
-Continuous paper feed
-Perforations between pages
-Paper pulled through with holes on the side of the paper
179
3D Printers
-'Print' in 3 dimensions
-Create a 3D item based on an electronic model
180
FDM printer
-Fused Deposition Modeling
-Filament printing
-Melt filament to print 3D
-Print layer by layer
181
SLA printer
-Stereolithography 3D printing
-Smooth and finely detailed 3D prints
-Resin is hardened using a light source (UV or laser)
-Layers are added to the bottom (entire print hangs from the build platform - print bed that's adhesive)
182
ADF
Automatic Document Feeder
Scanning multiple pages at once
