Harm Studies Flashcards
What are the two types of studies generally done to study harm/risk/etiology?
Cohort
Case-control
If doing a cohort study, do you use relative risk, or the odds ratio?
Relative risk
If doing a case-control study, do you use the relative risk, or the odds ratio?
Odds ratio
What is the formula for the relative risk?
[(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)]
What is the formula for the odds ratio?
a+d/b+c
“Natural history” of a disease is what?
its prognosis
What are prognostic factors?
The characteristics of a patient or population that can be used to more accurately predict that patient or population’s eventual outcome
age or gender is an example of a what type of prognostic factor?
Demographic
Tumor staging is an example of a what type of prognostic factor?
Disease specific
DMs in a cardiac pt is an example of a what type of prognostic factor?
Comorbidity
What are the two types of studies done for prognosis studies?
cohort
Case-control
What is referral bias?
A systematic error that can occur when pts are selected from tertiary care centers
Do you need to have similar groups for a prospective cohort study?
No
“Are study patient’s representative” is a question of what (validity, importance, etc)?
Validity
“was the follow up long enough for the outcome of interest” is a question of what (validity, importance, etc)?
Validity
“Were outcomes measured ‘blind’” is a question of what (validity, importance, etc)?
Validity
“What is the risk of the outcome over time” is a question of what (validity, importance, etc)?
Importance
“How precise are the estimates of risk” is a question of what (validity, importance, etc)?
Importance
What does it mean to say that the outcomes were measured “blind”?
Those who read the outcomes were not aware as to what they are/were looking for.
What is the difference between prognosis studies, and harm/risk/etiology studies?
Prognosis is prospective looking for outcomes of a disease
Harm/risk is looking prospectively, or retrospectively at a variable that can cause harm.
