HASS EXAM

Question 1

What is Jus ad bellum, and what are some features of it?

Answer 1

Justifications in entering a war
Features are:
Right Intention - Entering a war must be for a right reason, not for money, power or any hidden agendas
Last Resort - There must be no other way to solve the conflict

Question 2

What is Jus in bello, and what are some features of it?

Answer 2

Justifications during a war
Features are:
Immunity of non-combatants - Soldiers must only fight other soldiers, not civilians
Prohibition of unnecessary suffering - Weapons such as poison gas cause too much suffering and are not allowed

Question 3

What is Jus post bellum, and what are some features of it?

Answer 3

Justice after a war
Features are:
Accountability for war crimes - War criminals must go to court
Rebuilding just institutions - Countries must work together to rebuild and maintain peace

Question 4

What is a definition for Peacekeeping?

Answer 4

The process of maintaining peace and security in a country torn apart by conflict by creating conditions for lasting peace

Question 5

What are the three UN basic principles for peacekeeping?

Answer 5

1.Consent of the parties - Both parties must consent to peacekeeping efforts in order to work without resistance.
2.Impartiality - Peacekeepers must remain impartial in all their operations. Bias and undermine missions.
3.Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate - Helps maintain legitimacy and helps UN from being seen as a conflicting party.

Question 6

What are some of Singapore’s government values?

Answer 6

CRNC:
Community support for the individual
Racial and religious harmony
Nation before community, society over self
Consensus not conflict

Question 7

What are some of Australia’s government values?

Answer 7

FFRRED
Freedom
Fair go
Respect
Rule of law
Equality
Democracy

Question 8

Why were UN Peacekeepers called in to East Timor?

Answer 8

East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia in UN-supported referendum in 1999. Pro-Indonesian militias then carried out campagn of violence, killing +1400, displacing 250 000

Question 9

What was the name for the East Timor peacekeepers, and what was the name given and year when they integrated into a bigger organisation?

Answer 9

INTERFET transitioned into UNTAET to help rebuild the country in February 2000

Question 10

When did East Timor gain full independence?

Answer 10

20 May 2002

Question 11

What were the key differences between INTERFET and UNAMIR?

Answer 11

INTERFET had an immediate effect on the conflict as they were allowed to use force and scared off most the militia
UNAMIR were highly unprepared for conflict, and weren’t allowed to use force even during the genocide

Question 12

Who were three leaders of the Nazi Regime (excluding Hitler)?

Answer 12

Joseph Goebbels, Herman Goering, Heinrich Himmler

Question 13

What was the ‘Final Solution’?

Answer 13

Signed solution in Jan 1942 to the Jewish question was to combine forced deportation of Jews to labour camps before extermination

Question 14

What are some Nuremberg laws?

Answer 14

1. No marriage between Germans and Jews
2. Deprived all Jews of German citizenship
3. Forced Jews to carry ID
4. Major boycott of Jewish businesses

Question 15

What were Jewish Ghettos? How many Jews died, and name an example

Answer 15

Small areas of large cities used to isolate Jews from the rest of the population.
Approx 800 000 Jews died
Warsaw Jewish Ghetto

Question 16

What was the goal and estimated death count of Operation Downfall?

Answer 16

Operation Downfall was the largest planned amphibian assault in history. Planned to take Japan by force and fighting through their army.
Estimated 100 000 - 1mil US casualites, est 5 - 10 million Japanese

Question 17

What was the goal and estimated death count of Operation Ketsugo?

Answer 17

Operation Ketsugo was the planned retaliation of Operation Downfall. The main goal was to lower the US morale by having a main goal of killing as many soldiers. est 900 000 Jap, 766 700 US

Question 18

What days were the atomic bombs dropped?

Answer 18

August 6 and 9, 1945

Question 19

Why was Pearl Harbour Bombed?

Answer 19

Japan saw Germany getting rich from their European conquest, and wanted to invade the Pacific.
US was in their way, so they planned a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour

Question 20

Who were the Gestapo?

Answer 20

The Gestapo were the secret police who would dress as normal civilians and spy and report on anyone who spoke against the regime.

Question 21

When did the Rwandan genocide occur, and who were the two ethnic groups involved?

Answer 21

April ‘94, Hutu-led government slaughtered approx. 800 000 Tutsis

Question 22

Why did UNAMIR fail to intervene, and what consequences occurred because of this?

Answer 22

UNAMIR weren’t allowed to use force in their peacekeeping, the UN wasn’t prepared for a genocide.
This lead to 100 000+ already dead with UNAMIR and 10 Belgian peacekeepered killed.

Question 23

When did the Rwandan Genocide stop?

Answer 23

On July ‘94, the Rwandan Patriotic Front defeated the Hutu Government

Question 24

What is the purpose of the United Nations?

Answer 24

Its goal is to maintain peace around the world, develop friendly relations, protect human rights and uphold international law

Question 25

What are two of the UN's core values?

Answer 25

Humility: Demonstrate willingness to learn from others Inclusion: Create environments of respect for all

Question 26

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed, and who were the leaders that signed it?

Answer 26

The treaty was signed on July 28 1919, and George Clemencau, David Lloyd-George, and Woodrow Wilson were the leaders

Question 27

What were some of Germany's punishments as result of the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 27

Germany had to demilitarize the Rhineland, pay 50 billion gold marks, restricted to 100 000 men in the army, and lost 13% of territory

Question 28

What was a way that Neville Chamberlain tried to appease Hitler?

Answer 28

In the Munich Agreement, Chamberlain pressured Czechoslovakia to concede to Hitler's demands and give up the Sudetenland in 1938.

Question 29

Why did the allies ignore Hitler demilitarising the Rhineland?

Answer 29

In March 7 1936, Hitler gambled and remilitarised the Rhineland. Both France and England weren't prepared for a military operation in 1936.

Question 30

What was the significance of Hitler demilitarising the Rhineland?

Answer 30

It marked a time where Germany broke the Treaty of Versailles, and when people realised European leaders weren't actively intervening.

Question 31

What was the name of survivors of the Atomic Bomb?

Answer 31

Hibashuka

Question 32

What was the significance of the Battle of Okinawa and Iwo Jima?

Answer 32

Across these battles, Japanese had lost ~18 500 and ~77 000. This showcased Japan's unwillingness to surrender to the US.