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was a scientific theory on the nature of matter
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
It stated that all matter was made up of small, indivisible particles known as ‘atoms’.
John Dalton in the year 1808.
The law of multiple proportions, the law of conservation of mass, and the
law of constant proportions
BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
The conservation of mass laws
The law of definite proportion
The law of multiple proportions.
In simple terms, this law states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
Law of Conservation of Mass
law of conservation of mass
Antoine Lavoisier 1789
Law of Definite Proportions
Joseph Proust
stated that the proportion of elements by weight in a given compound will always remain exactly the same
Joseph Proust,
Law of Definite Proportions
This law states that if two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of these elements in the reaction are in the ratio of small whole numbers
Law of Multiple Proportions
This law was given by Dalton in the year 1803.
Law of Multiple Proportions
gases are produced or combine in a chemical reaction, they do so in a simple ratio by volume given that all the gases are at the same ter perature and pressure
considered as another form of the law of definite proportions.
Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
is stated with respect to volume while the law of definite proportions is stated with respect to mass.
Gay Lussac’s Law
under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, an equal volume of all the gases contains an equal number of molecules
implies that 2 litres of hydrogen will have the same number of molecules as 2 litres of oxygen given that both the gases are at the same temperature and pressure.
Avogadro’s Law 1811
are made up of particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons, which are responsible for the mass and charge of atoms
Atomic structure
is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element
combine to form molecules, which then interact to form solids, gases, or liquids
atom
Atoms consist of three basic particles
protons, electrons, and neutrons
The outermost regions of the atom are called
( Atoms) have different properties based on the arrangement and number of their basic particles.
electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged).
ATOMS
electron orbits
nucleus
protons
neutron
particles
protons
neutrons
electrons
Protons were discovered by
he performed his gold foil experiment.
He projected alpha particles (helium nuclei) at gold foil, and the positive alpha particles were deflected.
Ernest Rutherford in the year 1919
exist in a nucleus and have a positive nuclear charge.
The atomic number or proton number is the number of protons present in an atom.
The atomic number determines an element (e.g., the element of atomic number 6 is carbon).
protons
when he demonstrated that penetrating radiation incorporated beams of neutral particles
James Chadwick in 1932
located in the nucleus with the protons. Along with protons, they make up almost all of the mass of the atom
Neutrons
The neutrons in an element determine the _____ of an atom, and often its stability.
isotope
