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Year 10 - Geography > Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Explain global circulation in 3 steps

A
  1. Warm air rises at the equator (low pressure)
  2. Cool air falls (high pressure)
  3. As the air falls it warms again and flows back to complete the cycle
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2
Q

What do high pressure areas look like?

A

Clear skies and little precipitation

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3
Q

Give 2 ways how ocean currents transfer heat

A
  • The wind (circulation cells)
  • Density differences due to differences in water temperature and salinity
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4
Q

What is the biggest cell?

A

Hadley Cell

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5
Q

Name the 3 cells

A
  • Hadley
  • Ferrel
  • Polar
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6
Q

Where is the hadley cell located?

A

Near the equator

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7
Q

Where is the Ferrel Cells located?

A

30 degrees north and south

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8
Q

Where is the polar cell located?

A

South and North Pole

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9
Q

8 points

What are the natural causes of climate change?

A
  • Solar Variation
  • Eccentricity
  • Tilt
  • Wobble
  • Volcanism
  • Asteriod Collisions
  • Orbital Changes (Milankovitch cycles)
  • Ocean current changing
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10
Q

Explain how volcanoes cause climate change

A

Releases ash and sulphur dioxide, sulphure dioxide mix with water to form aerosols, aerosols absorb heat from sun, heating themselves, stops heat reaching Earth’s surface

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11
Q

Explain Solar variation

A

Amount of energy changes over an 11 year cycle. Periods of lower solar activity lead to glacial periods and those with higher activity lead to warmer interglacial periods.

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12
Q

Explain sun spots

A

Black areas on the sun, spots tell the Sun is more active than usual, more spots means more solar energy fired out from the sun

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13
Q

Explain Orbital Cycles

A

Orbit is sometimes circular or ellipse (oval). Circle (more heat), Oval (less heat). Changes due to wobble

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14
Q

Give ways we can find evidence of climate change

A
  • Tree rings
  • Sea level Rise
  • Historical Sources
  • Pollen Records
  • Ice Cores
  • Melting Ice Sheets
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15
Q

Explain Tree rings

A

Rings are added every year of growth, narrow means a cooler, drier year, thicker means warmer and wetter

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16
Q

Explain ice cores

A

Ice is drilled to measure C02 trapped. Less CO2 = Cooler, More CO2 = Warmer

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17
Q

Explain historical sources

A

Paintings, diaries, documentaries, weather reports

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18
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Natural process where gases in atmosphere trap heat from sun.

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19
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

Unnatural heating caused by humans

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20
Q

List 4 human causes of climate change

A
  • Transport
  • Industry
  • Farming
  • Deforestation
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21
Q

What is the glacial or Ice Age?

A

When the temp was cooler for longer periods, more of Earth is covered in ice

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22
Q

What is interglacial?

A

Now, warmer period

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23
Q

What are the possible consequences of global warming?

A
  • More droughts, lasting longer
  • Loss in biodiversity
  • Loss of glaciers - water supply probs
  • more destruction - extreme weather
  • sread of diseases
  • Changes in farming
  • Coastal flooding
  • More floods
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24
Q

6 points

What is needed to form a cyclone

A
  • 26.5 degree water
  • Cluster of thunderstorms
  • Earths rotation - Coriolis Effect
  • Light winds causing air to rise
  • Time of year - Late summer early autumn
  • Tropic of cancer and capricorn
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25
Q

What is a cyclone?

A

Fast-moving rotational storm formed in the ocean, has strong winds and is associated with heavy rainfall and flooding.

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26
Q

Give 3 words for cyclone

A
  • Willy Willy
  • Typhoon
  • Hurricane
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27
Q

5 points

What are the impacts of tropical cyclones?

A
  • Storm surges
  • Coastal Flooding
  • Heavy Rainfall
  • High winds
  • Landslides
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28
Q

What way do hurricanes rotate/move in the North and South hemisphere?

A

North - clockwise
South - Anticlockwise

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29
Q

Environmental/ physical factors that make countries more or less vulnerable

A
  • Low-lying coastal areas
  • Near the coast
  • Soft permeable rock - landslides are likely
  • Within the tropics
30
Q

Social factors that make countries more or less vulnerable

A
  • Poor, lower class
  • Old people
  • People are of minority races
  • No response systems prepared at a community/national level
31
Q

Economic factors that make countries more or less vulnerable

A
  • Rich developed countries have better prediction, protection and evacuation technology
  • No investment in tracking
  • No investment in coastal defences
  • No investment in sturdy buildings
32
Q

Key points to include in comparison of cyclones (vulnerability)

A
  • Development
  • Capacity to cope (how quickly they can recover)
  • Buildings
  • Money
  • Preparation, Prediction, Adaptation
33
Q

What is GIS?

A

Geographical Information Systems - maps are digital maps that have layers of data added to them. GIS maps can be changed to show specific information about a place.

34
Q

What 4 things have to be considered in order to prepare or respond to a TC?

A
  • Prediction - give warning
  • Protection
  • Preparation
  • Planning - evaluate past evens to find solutions
35
Q

Is a hurricane low or high pressure?

A

Low

36
Q

What is weather forecasting?

A

Measuring atmospheric pressure using bouys/boat data

37
Q

Positives of weather forecasting?

A
  • Storm surge predictions
  • Sends quick warnings to countries
38
Q

Negatives of weather forecasting?

A
  • Only takes local readings
  • Expensive
39
Q

What is satellite tracking?

A

Large areas of ocean can be measured, satellites in space find formations of cloud formations

40
Q

Positives of satellite tracking?

A

Tracked in real-time

41
Q

Negatives of satellite tracking?

A
  • Hard to spot until it has an eye
  • Radars (track precipitation levels) are expensive
42
Q

What are warning systems?

A

Gives information and guidance on what to - from TV, radio, internet

43
Q

What are the positives of warning systems?

A

Most people have social media so they would see warnings

44
Q

What are the negatives of warning systems?

A

Not everyone has daily access to a phone/ internet

45
Q

What is an evacuation strategy?

A

Emergency shelters, evacuation points, trains emergency services how to react to reduce deaths

46
Q

What are storm surge defences?

A

Government likely to have invested in defences

47
Q

Negatives of storm surge defences?

A
  • Developing countries cant afford defences that are strong (they use embankements that arent effective
48
Q

Where was Hurrican Katrina?
How many deaths?
Category?
Causes of deaths?

A
  1. Developed country - USA
  2. 1836 deaths
  3. Category 3
  4. Failed storm surge defences, levees breached, shelters lacked food, evacuation had problems
49
Q

Improvements since Hurricane Katrina

A
  1. Levees made much higher and stronger
  2. Funding spent on search and rescue teams - emergency text messages
  3. Lake Vorgne surge barrier built to protect New Orleans
  4. All these costed $14 billion
50
Q

Name the layers of the earth

A
  1. Inner core
  2. Outer core
  3. Mantle Crust
51
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A
  • Solid
  • Upper part of mantle where rocks flow
52
Q

Temperature of the mantle

A

3000

53
Q

What is the temperature and material of the outer core?

A
  • Liquid iron and nickel
  • 4000 - 6000
54
Q

What is the temperature and material of the inner core?

A
  • Solid iron due to high pressure
  • 5000 - 6000
55
Q

How does convection work in the tectonic plates?

A
  1. Core heats molten rock in matle to create convection current
  2. Heated rock from mantle rises to Earth’s surface
  3. At surface, convection current moves the tectonic plates in the crust
  4. Molten rock cools and flows back to core to be reheated
56
Q

Properties of continental crust

A
  • Less dense than oceanic
  • Granite
  • Never sinks so is never destroyed
57
Q

Properties of oceanic crust

A
  • More dense than continental
  • Basalt
  • Eventually sinks into the mantle so continually renewed
58
Q

Convergant/ Destructive plate boundaries

A
  • 2 plates collide
  • 1 plate flows beneath another (subduction)
  • Many earthquakes and volcanoes
59
Q

Divergant/ Constructive plate boundaries

A
  • Rising convection currents cause plates to move apart
  • Magma rises to fill in gap
60
Q

Conservative plate boundaries

A
  • 2 plates slide past each other at different speeds
  • Earthquakes
  • Opposite or same direction
  • Friction and pessure build between the plates and then they slip (earthquake)
61
Q

Shield volcanoes

A
  • Found in constructive plate boundaries/ hotspots
  • Formed by eruptions of lavahave gentle sloping sides with wide base
  • erupts frequently but not violently
  • has basaltic magma - very hot, low silica and gas content
62
Q

Lithosphere

A

Solid outer part of earth

63
Q

Composite volcanoes

A
  • Found on destructive p b
  • Formed by eruptions of lava
  • Steep sloping sides with narrow base
  • Layers of thick lava and ash
  • Has andesitic magma (less hot than basaltic) contains lots of silica and gas
  • Erupts infrequently not violet
64
Q

Epicentre

A

point of the surface directly above the focus

65
Q

Focus

A

central point of earthquake deep under surface

66
Q

What scale is used to measure magnitude?

A

Moment magnitude scale - old = richter scale

67
Q

Deep-focus vs shallow-focus

A

Deep-focus is far away from the earth’s surface and shallow-focus is close

68
Q

How are hotspot volcanoes formed?

A
  • Magma plume rises and breaks throught oceanic crust, forming a shield volcano
  • Over time, plate moves away from the hotspot as plates constantly move - means volcanoes move away
  • New volcano created in position of the magma plume which doesnt move
  • Forms: extinct (oldest island), dormant and active (youngest island)
69
Q

Primary hazards of volcanoes

A
  • Toxic gases
  • Lava flows
  • Lava bombs
  • Pyroclastic flows
70
Q

2ndary hazards of volcanoes

A
  • Acid rain
  • Lahars
  • Landslides
71
Q

What boundaries make earthquakes?

A
  • Divergant/constructive - small by friction
  • Conservative - rare but v destructive
  • Convergant/destructive
72
Q

What boundaries make volcanoes

A
  • Divergant/constructive
  • Convergant/destructive
  • Collision - v rare

Year 10 - Geography (2 decks)

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