Hazardous Earth

Question 1

Explain the theories behind 2 different natural causes behind climate change?

Answer 1

Orbital theory
The earths obits around the sun changes over time, changing the earth’s climate
There are 3 orbital changes over long periods of time this is called the milan koritch cycles
Every 100,000 years, the earth orbit changes from circular to elliptical, then back again
The lower the tilt, the further the northern hemisphere is from the is from the sun, when it is higher it’s the opposite. This occurs every 41,000 years
Every 26,000 years the earth’s orbit wobbles and straitens
Sunspot theory
They appear when the sun is more active than usual the more spots, the more solar energy being fired out

Question 2

What are the characteristics of a tropical storm?

Answer 2

Low air pressure
Ocean temperatures of 26.5oc
Rising water
Huge cumulcuimbus clouds
Air spinning around the eye of the storm where conditions are calm

Question 3

What conditions are needed for tropical storms?

Answer 3

A warm ocean: 26-25oc
Strong winds
The Coriolis forces: it’s strongest between 5o & 30o north and south

Question 4

Name 3 arid and 3 hight rainfall areas

Answer 4

High rainfall
- Brazil
- Uk
- New Zealand
Arid
- Algeria
- Mexico
- Tibet

Question 5

How does the atmosphere and ocean’s transfer energy around the earth ?

Answer 5

The atmosphere and oceans transfer energy round the planet their currents.
Atmosphere use cells to that are heated by the sea and air.
The oceans use currents to circulate warm water to the poles and cold air to the equator.

Question 6

Why do tropical storms dissipate?

Answer 6

The storm dissipates when it reaches land or a higher latitudes as it loses moister and heat energy

Question 6

Why are some countries more vulnerable than others to the impact of tropical cyclones ?

Answer 6

Low living areas are more in danger due to cyclones as they can be more easily destroyed by storm surges.

Question 7

How are humans contributing to the enhanced greenhouse effect
Give examples of some activities and gasses

Answer 7

Humans are adding to the greenhouse affected by producing large amounts of CO2

Burning fossil fuels CO2
Farming rice and Cattel CH4
Jet engines, cars, lorries etc NO2
Cooling equipment hailo carbons

Question 8

What are the 3 main types of plate boundary’s
And what are the characteristics, and where they can be found

Answer 8

characteristics of divergent plate boundary’s are Shield volcanoes Mild earthquakes Basalt-lava these are found in Iceland

characteristics of conservative plate boundary’s are No volcanos Strong earthquakes these are found in California

Characteristics of convergent plate boundary’s are Very explosive volcanoes Extremely strong earthquakes Creation of mountains these are found in the Himalayas

Question 9

Characteristics of both types of volcanos

Answer 9

Shield volcanoes have: Gentil slopping sides
Less violent explosions
Low acidic lava that’s less viscus
Shorter periods between eruptions
No layers
High temperature
low gas content larva
Little explosive activity
Found on divergent boundaries

Composite volcanoes have: Steep sided slopes
Very violent explosions
Acidic viscus laver
Longer periods between eruptions
Layers
Lower temperature
High gas content larva
Highly explosive
Found on convergent plate boundary’s

Question 10

What were the impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

Answer 10

primary:
316,000 people died and 300,000 were injured
1,000,000 were made homeless
The port, communication links and major roads were damaged beyond reappear
Rubble from collapsed building block roads and rail links.
secondary:
A chorea outbreak killed over 8000 people
The port was destroyed-making it hard to access
By 2015 most people displaced by the earthquake had been re-housed
Haiti’s clothing factories were destroyed losing the country 60% of its imports.

Question 11

Where do tropical storms form?
What seasons do tropical storms form
What are they called across these areas

Answer 11

Tropical cyclone from around the equator but not on it
They occur in late summer and early autumn
Hurricane: USA and the north Atlantic
Cyclones : Indian and south pacific ocean
Typhon : North pacific ocean

Question 12

How does the earths core’s internal heat source generate convection currents?

Answer 12

Heat from the core of the earth heats the magma in the mantle
The hot magma becomes less dense and rises towards the lithosphere
As the magma moves across the lithosphere: it drags the plates with it
The magma cools, and becomes denser and sinks back down

Question 13

What’s a hot spot and how dose it cause volcanic activity(give examples of where hotspots are found)?

Answer 13

Hot spots are parts of convection cells where heat moves towards the surface. These are concentrated zones of heat. As it rises it breathes though the crust this builds up islands. When the crust move more island are created.

Hotspots are in the form of the Galapagos and Hawaii

Question 14

How can countries prepper for tropical cyclones

Answer 14

Weather forecasting - Prediction

Satellite technology - Prediction

Warning systems - Protection

Evacuation shelters - Protection

Strom surges defences - Protection

Question 15

List 4 dangers caused by tropical storms and why dangers threaten both people and the environment

Answer 15

Death
Livestock killed
Disease
Wildfires

Wildfires and flooding impact both humans and the environment because the fire could damage property and environment

Question 16

What are the different layers and what are their properties?

Answer 16

the crust is, 6-50km thick and has a density of 2.7-3.3
the mantle is, molten-solid Peridotite, which is 900-4000 degrees, and is 2286 thick
the outer core is, liquid Iron-nickel, which is 4000-5000 degrees, and is 2370 thick
the inner core is, solid iron-nickel, which is 5000-6000 degrees, and is 1100 thick

Question 17

How dose adding greenhouse gasses add to the process of global warming

Answer 17

When more greenhouse gasses are added in the atmosphere it means more of the heat energy being repel by the earths rebounded heating the earth

Question 18

How dose high pressure and low pressure affect locations?

Answer 18

In areas of high pressure, there is a dry arid climate e.g. Sahara or Antarctica

In areas of low pressure, there is a moist rainy climate e.g. Uk amazon

Question 19

What are the evidence for past climate change

Answer 19

Ice Cores: One year is the same as one section
The further you travel along the ice core the older it is
When snow falls it trapes the atmosphere, this allows scientists to study the levels of CO2 at that time.
Using this method scientists determine the temperature for the last 26million years

Plant and fossil analysis: Form fossils we can determine the speeches
We can compeer this to the animal’s currant range or we can look at adaptation for this creature to cope with the temperature and then determine the temperature

Question 20

What were the impacts of the Japan earthquake

Answer 20

Primary
1 dam collapsed, 2 nuclear reactors fractures and an oil refinery was set on fire by damaging gas pipes
Thoko motorway was badly damaged, as well as rail links and airports closed
Us $235billion of damages caused by the earthquake and tsunami