Hazards Flashcards

Question

What is a GIS and what is it used for

Answer 1

A geographic information system, used for

Answer 2

- Madagascar - Northern Australia - Northern Brasil Mostly on the equator where there is a high density of vegetation, however none in the desert and they do spread up to latitudes of 60 degrees N (north Russia) and 40 degrees South (south Africa)

Answer 3

Semiarid Tropical wet and dry Coniferous forest Mediterranean Savana

Answer 4

Lightning Discarded cigarettes Matches Glass + Sunlight Power lines Electrical sparks

Answer 5

Stage 1 : preheating (before the fire lights, pyrolysis) Stage 2 : flaming combustion (after ignition, wood cracks, releasing more resin, oils and gases) Stage 3 : Glowing combustion (after ignition, wood burns slower, fire consumes wood)

Answer 6

Wood breaks down chemically, releasing gases, oils etc.

Answer 7

Warm water moves east in the Pacific Ocean, meaning that the coast of west and south america become warmer. It also changes the pressure, brining low pressure

Answer 8

heat rises, so this preheats this grounds above, fire will heat at higher grounds quicker as heat rises

Answer 9

fires catch most likely between 12-16:00 The ground has been preheating in the mornings up until this time, and humidity is at its lowest level of the day

Answer 10

- technology (ability to predict and prepare for the hazard coming) - past experience (possible PTSD, having had disasters before they may predict and know how to cope better) - religion and cultural backgrounds (more of an attachment to a place and so less likely to move or will return afterwards) - employment status (if highly employed, you're less likely going to want to move away and have to switch jobs for a lower wage) - other mentions: family, values, community, level of wealth, level of education, capital access

Answer 11

the reduction in the amount and scale of threat and damage caused by a hazardous event

Answer 12

The process of considering the social, economic and political factors involved in risk analysis; determining the 'acceptability' of damage and distribution; deciding on the action to be taken to minimise damage/disruption

Answer 13

Pre-arranged measures that aim to reduce the loss of life and property damage through public education and awareness programmes, evacuation procedures, the provision of emergency medical, food and shelter supplies, and the taking out of insurance.

Answer 14

- polar, ferrel and hadley cell - air rises between polar and ferrel, and air sinks between ferrel and hadley

Answer 15

An intense low pressure system

Answer 16

storm surges coastal flooding high wind landslides/mud flows

Answer 17

typically up to 3 metres of a surge of water caused by the combination of intense low atmospheric pressure

Answer 18

Continental crust is thicker (30-70km thick) and oceanic crust is thinner (6-10km thick) Continental crust is older (>1,500 million years), oceanic crust is younger (<200 million years) Continental crust is less dense than oceanic Continental crust is permanent, oceanic crust is temporary (relatively)

Answer 19

Continental and oceanic

Answer 20

The core ~6000°C The outer core - made up of iron and nickel Mantle - makes up ~84% of earth mass Crust - made up of two kinds

Answer 21

Radioactive decay in the core causes the movement. This creates huge convection currents which rise towards the surface, drag continents apart and cause them to collide. This also is driven by sea-floor spreading. Later theories include more emphasis on the influence of the cooling lithosphere in plate movement (slab pull and ridge push).

Answer 22

Plate boundaries move apart, and new OCEANIC crust is formed

Answer 23

Denser, oceanic crust sub ducts under a continental plate, and the oceanic crust gets destroyed OR two plates move towards each other

Answer 24

Two continental plates moving towards each other

Answer 25

Two plates slide past each other and there is no creation of destruction of the crust

Answer 26

The upper layers of the mantle where liquid magma can be found

Answer 27

hot molten rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, forms igneous rocks

Answer 28

Basaltic, Andesitic, Rhyolitic

Answer 29

- low silica content - fast flowing - low viscosity - associated with shield volcanoes

Answer 30

A small area of earth's crust where an unusually high heat flow is associated with volcanic activity

Answer 31

- areas of the mantle have unusually high heat flow (radioactive decay) - magma plume rises to the surface - magma seeps through cracks and faults in the overlying crust and we get volcanic eruptions, forming volcanic islands (Hawaii) - it is often made up of basaltic lava, and creates shield and fissure volcanoes - the plume is stationary and does not move from its position, but the plate as a whole moves over the hotspot - volcanos become inactive as they move away fro the hotspot

Answer 32

60,000 hectares of crops washed away 112,000 hectares of agricultural land affected cost of damage reached over $102 million

Answer 33

caused multiple landslides and mudslides heavy rainfall led to lahars storm surge in east luzon

Answer 34

151 deaths 900,000 displaced closed 38,000 schools Department of Health anticipated an increase in leptospiriosis

Answer 35

Most populated island is Luzon, which was the most affected 11th storm of the year, so limited capacity of time for recovery lots of poverty productive agriculturally for grain and rice

Answer 36

530,000 people evacuated prior to the storm Several dam opened spillways as a precaution Only 50 rescue boats After, over 3200 households affected received hygiene and water kits Two major flood control projects have in Luzon are set to get hefty budget hikes

Answer 37

65 deaths, estimate of over 6500 indirect deaths All means of communication were impossible due to all power lines destroyed Disrupted the lives of over 350,000 students

Answer 38

Over £73 billion in damages 80% of the islands crop value was wiped out Most small and medium businesses suffer form destruction and deceased tourism

Answer 39

30% of trees destroyed A significant carbon sink was destroyed Scientists estimated that this storm killed 2x more trees than ever before

Answer 40

NHC monitored the hurricane and hurricane hunters shared information to agencies involved in affected areas Mercy Corps (NGO) distributed nearly $300,000 in emergency cash. Mercy Corps partnered with World Central Kitchen to deliver more than 25,000 meals to hard-hit communities Hundred of farmers, fisher folk, and beekeepers have also jump started their livelihoods with training and supplies from Mercy Corps

Answer 41

Maria: 2 months after the storm, 60% of households were still without power and ~20% without water Only 5,000 tarps delivered after 9 days when 10s of 1,000s were needed Kristine: Not enough rescue boats, they had 50 and needes at least 200 more Easy for disease to spread These boats later became another problem as there were not enough to appeal to social media help signals

Answer 42

P waves are faster than S waves P waves arrive at the detector first P waves travel through the mantle and core, but S waves travel through the mantle but not through the core

Answer 43

Deepest earthquakes (700km) occur on the west coast of Chile/Peru, and the Tonga trench which lies east of Australia Shallower earthquakes occur all around the ring of fire, as well as each plate boundary and more concentrated in the ROF and Europe.

Answer 44

the HMC is a continuous loop which explains an approach to managing a known hazard It consists of preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation Preparedness is concerned with using data from previous events to plan for hazards associated with the event Response is concerned with deploying services and resources to save people from harm, this can include people like the Red Cross to help people isolated due to landslides Mitigation is an extension to recovery, and is aimed to minimise the impacts of the hazard Recovery is concerned with post disaster reconstruction and restoration of the local built and natural environment

Answer 45

Convection currents operating in the mantle act like a conveyor belt driving moment of the lithosphere above. (1) Where the currents move in opposite directions the crust is pulled apart allowing magma to extrude (1) Ridge push occurs where the lava extrudes and cools (1) The more dense material is pushed under the force of gravity away form the top of the ridge (1)