Hazards

Question 1

What are the three types of Hazard

Answer 1

Hazard
Natural hazard
Disaster

Question 2

What is a hazard

Answer 2

potential to casue injury,loss of life, damage to property or socio-economic factors

Question 3

What is a Natural Hazard

Answer 3

occur in the physical parts of the amosphere and casue a threat to both people and the built and natural enviroments

Question 4

What is a disaster

Answer 4

A hazardous event that cuases a large number of fatalities

Question 5

What does deggs model show

Answer 5

a venn diagram that demonstrates the overlap between a a hazradous event, either or geogrphical or physical (volcano or earthquake) and a vulnerable population, creating a disaster in the centre of the model

Therfore demonstrating the effect socio-economic satus and development of a country combined with a hazard can create a disaster

Question 6

What are soem examples of geophysical hazards

Answer 6

earthquakes
landslides
volcanic erruptions
Avalanches

Question 7

What are some examples of Atmospheric Hazards

Answer 7

Hurricanes
Aesteroids
Lightning

Question 8

What are some examples of Hydrological hazards

Answer 8

floods
droughts
Coastal erosion
Desertificatiom

Question 9

What are the variables that affect vulnerabiliity

Answer 9

international aid
education of pop
economic status
properly built housing and infastructure
governament planning
religion and belief

Question 10

What are three ways in which a person can become more affected by a hazard

Answer 10

fatallsim
adaptation
fear

Question 11

What is fatallaism?

Answer 11

a belief that people should not interfere with a hazardous event and therefore nothing can be done to mititgate risk as the hazard is gods will

Question 12

What is adaptation?

Answer 12

Attempts by communities to live amongst hazardous events, by adjusting their living conditions, therfore making them more able to reduce their vulnerability

Question 13

What are the four stages of the hazrad management cycle and what do they represnt

Answer 13

past event:
response- speed of the response, will depend on effectiveness
recovery- restoring affected areas back to normallity
pre event:
mitigation- actions taken to reduce risk e.g government
preparedness- education, awarness

Question 14

What are the factors that impact recovery

Answer 14

magnitude of hazard e.g typhoon haiyain
economic status e.g Haiti vs japan
population density
accessibilty
government stabiltiy
gov investment
land-locked countries

Question 15

What does the park model (Disater response curve) show

Answer 15

pre disater:
-risk assement
-mitigation
-preparedness
response:
-warning
-saving people
-immedate assistance
-assesing damage
response:
-reconstruction
-ongoing devlopment activities
-risk assement

it shows startegies and approaches to create immediate relief, each othese is more easily achieved in higher income countires

Question 16

What are the simmilarites between the disaster repsonse curve and the hazard management cycle

Answer 16

-both can be used by gov to create na effective management plan
- both do not take into consideration economic status
- both donot account for aid
-both have several set stages

Question 17

What are the differences between the disaster repsonse curve and the hazard management cycle

Answer 17

• park model has five stages
  -HMC is qualititve and DRC is qualititve
  -HMC is more generic
  -DRC looks at quality of life

Question 18

Who came up with plate tectonic theory and what was it

Answer 18

Alfred Wegner
continental drift
origianlly one large continent-Pangea as the coastlines of S america and Africa seemed to fit together

Question 19

What was Wegner Biological evidence for his theory

Answer 19

-indian limestone found in Australia
-messosauras fossil found in S africa and S america, and the animal would have been unable to swim
-Cynothogus remains found in S america and Africa

Question 20

What was Wegners Geological evidence to support his theory

Answer 20

Carbon ferious glacaiation found in S america, Antatrica and India
Rock sequences same in Scotland as Canada

Question 21

What is paleomagnestism

Answer 21

Every 400,000 years the earths magnetic poles switch causing the north and south poles to swap. This is seen in things such as the mid-atlantic ridge and ocean trenches, as alternating layers of rocks have opposite magnetic fields

Question 22

Who created the theory of convection currents and what did he beleieve?

Answer 22

Arthur Holmes
As a substance warms up its density decreases and it was this heating cooling cylce that caused the contitnets to move

Question 23

What is Gravitiational sliding?

Answer 23

takes place at the highest elevation of plates at ocean ridges, new magma rises up in mid-ocean ridges to form a new young oceanic lithospehere

Question 24

What is ridge push

Answer 24

new oceanic crust thickens and cools and is pushed downwards and new magma enters the divergent active zone

Question 25

What is Slab Pull

Answer 25

The movement driven by the weight of older more denseplate material sinking deep into the mantle at deep ocen trenches

Question 26

What are the landforms associated with constructive plate margins

Answer 26

volcanoes rift valleys- great African

Question 27

How are volcanoes formed at constructive plate margins

Answer 27

1. The two plates move apart and the magma rises 2.the magma creates a shield volcano 3.the magma can escape easily due to it being close to the surface therefore the volcanoes don't erupt with much force

Question 28

What landforms can be found at destructive plate margins

Answer 28

submarine volcanoes-krakatoa deep ocean trenches

Question 29

how are volcanoes formed at destructive plate margins

Answer 29

1.oceanic plate descends under the continental plate the plate starts to melt due to friction 2.melted plate is not hot, liquid rock, the magma rises through gaps in the continental plate and froms a volcano

Question 30

what is formed when two oceanic plates meet at a destructive subduction zone

Answer 30

island arcs

Question 31

How are island arcs formed

Answer 31

descending plate begins to melt due to friction magma rises and causes volcanoes however if offshore, a line of volcanic islands is named as an island arc

Question 32

what landforms are present at Collison plate margins

Answer 32

young fold mountains e.g Himalayas

Question 33

how are young fold mountains formed at Collison plate margins

Answer 33

colliding plates are forced upwards and buckle forming the mountains

Question 34

what occurs at conservative plate margins

Answer 34

two plates slide past each other along a fault no volcanoes but earthquakes

Question 35

summarise a hot spot

Answer 35

- radioactive decay within the earths core generates hot temperatures -lower mantle is heated and creates a magma plume -occasionally there is a rise in the centre of the plates as the magma burns through, which forms volcanoes -as the plates move over the stationary hot spot, a chain of volcanoes form

Question 36

What is the VEI

Answer 36

volcanic explosivity index

Question 37

What is the function of the VEI

Answer 37

-identify the magnitude of the volcanic eruption -combines magnitude and intensity into a single number on a scale of 0-8 -each increase is equivalent to a ten fold increase in explosivity

Question 38

five key facts about the mount st Helens eruption

Answer 38

- 5 on the VEI scale -57 deaths -destructive subductive plate margin -ash clogged sewage systems and damaged cars and buildings -ash shut down air traffic control

Question 39

five key facts about the pinatubo explosion

Answer 39

-1960 -6 on VEi scale -evacuation saved 5000 lives -Global temps dropped temporarily by 0,5 degrees cause of the ash -ash rose 22miles into the air

Question 40

summarise a composite cone volcano

Answer 40

- they occur at destructive convergent boundaries -comes are steep sided and made up of alternating layers of ash and lava -lava is thick and viscous -mount st helens and pinatubo

Question 41

How is volcanic activity predicted

Answer 41

-seisometers and seismographs -electronic lasers and tiltometers to measure ground deforamtion -magneometers to measure magma -hydrological instruments to measure rising groundwater temps -small erruptions or emmisons

Question 42

summarise a shield volcano

Answer 42

-wide base volcanoes that are low in height -usually occur at mid-ocean ridges or constructive divergent plate boundaries -mount etna -lava is fluid and mobile

Question 43

summarise a cinder cone volcano

Answer 43

-large amounts of pyroclastic material in the air -often steep-sided and made of loose materials -constructive divergent plate boundaries, sometimes grow on larger shield volcanoes -eldfell in iceland