hazards

Question 1

what is a hazard?

Answer 1

a natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on people or the environment.

Question 2

in orrder for a physical event to be hazardous, what must there be?

Answer 2

a loss of life.

Question 3

what is a geophysical hazard, and examples?

Answer 3

a natural hazard where the casual factor is a geological or geomorphological process.
- earthquakes,
- volcanoes,
- landslides,
- tsunamis.

Question 4

what is an atmospheric hazard, and examples?

Answer 4

a natural hazard where the casual factor is an atmospheric process.
- tropical storms,
- tornadoes,
- droughts,
- wildfires.

Question 5

what is a hydrological hazard, and examples?

Answer 5

a natural hazard where the casual factor is a water process.
- flash floods,
- avalanches.

Question 6

what are the three examples of hazard perception?

Answer 6

• acceptance,
• domination,
• adaptation.

Question 7

hazard perception - what is acceptance?

Answer 7

people seeing hazards as a natural event which are a part of life.

Question 8

hazard perception - what is domination?

Answer 8

people understanding extreme events like hazards and being able to predict it.

Question 9

hazard perception - what is adaption?

Answer 9

mixture of acceptance and domination. natural hazards will happen due to natural and human factors, and magnitude and frequency can be estimated.

Question 10

how does hazard perception vary globally?

Answer 10

developed countries are more likely to be around ‘domination’ due to money and technology.
less developed countries use acceptance and adaption.

Question 11

what are common characteristics of human responses to hazards?

Answer 11

fatalism, prediction, adjustment, mitigation, management and risk sharing.

Question 12

human responses - what is fatalism?

Answer 12

where people accept there is a risk but choose to do little about it.

Question 13

human responses - what is prediction?

Answer 13

predicting the occurrence in preparing places for the impact.

Question 14

human responses - what is adjustment?

Answer 14

regular hazards are likely to be adapted to by people.

Question 15

human responses - what it mitigation?

Answer 15

action to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property.

Question 16

human responses - what is management?

Answer 16

identifying the possible risks to human life and property, allocating resources to tackle the hazard.

Question 17

human responses - what is risk sharing?

Answer 17

sharing knowledge and human response strategies will enable all countries to prepare for a hazard event in a better way.

Question 18

what factors affecting the type of response taken to a hazard?

Answer 18

• psychology of population,
• magnitude,
• population,
• frequency,
• intensity,
• wealth,
• nature of the area,
• level of development.

Question 19

type of response - what is distribution?

Answer 19

refers to the spatial coverage of the hazard, can also refer to the areas where the particular hazard is likely to occur.

Question 20

type of response - what is frequency?

Answer 20

the distribution of the hazard through time.

Question 21

type of response - what is magnitude?

Answer 21

assesses the size of the impact, or the energy released.

Question 22

what is the park model?

Answer 22

a disaster response curve, to show the effects of hazards on the quality of life.

Question 23

what are all the stages to the park model?

Answer 23

• pre-disaster phase,
• relief phase,
• rehabilitation phase,
• reconstruction phase.

Question 24

how can different events have different impacts? (variations)

Answer 24

• the speed of the drop in quality of life,
• how far quality of life drops,
• the duration of the decline,
• the speed and nature of recovery.

Question 25

what is the nature of recovery related to?

Answer 25

- the need to reduce vulnerability, - the desire to increase self-reliance, - goal of restoring normality as soon as possible.

Question 26

what happens during the relief phase?

Answer 26

teams arrive from outside the immediate area, to help with search and rescue.

Question 27

what happens during the rehabilitation phase?

Answer 27

assessment of needs and coordinated planning of resources.

Question 28

what happens during the reconstruction phase?

Answer 28

permanent changes are introduced to restore quality of life.

Question 29

what are the four stages of the hazard management cycle?

Answer 29

- preparation, - response, - recovery, - mitigation.

Question 30

hazard management cycle - what is preparation?

Answer 30

includes plans or preparations made in advance of an emergency. e.g public education or rehearsals.

Question 31

hazard management cycle - what is response?

Answer 31

includes any action taken in the midst of or following an emergency. e.g evacuation or s&r.

Question 32

hazard management cycle - what is recovery?

Answer 32

includes restoring and rebuilding the impacted area. e.g temporary housing or public information.

Question 33

hazard management cycle - what is mitigation?

Answer 33

includes implementing measures to prevent future risks and disasters. e.g flood proofing or insurance.

Question 34

how can globalisation help with tackling disasters?

Answer 34

- movement of money, - transport developments, - trade links, - communication.

Question 35

how is there a lack of consistency around global response?

Answer 35

- political alliances, - stages of development of countries, - levels of corruption, - internal conflicts.

Question 36

what are the characteristics of the core?

Answer 36

- made up of dense rock, - divided into solider inner and molten outer, - convection in the outer core gives rise to the earth's magnestic field.

Question 37

what are the characteristics of the mantle?

Answer 37

- made up of molten and semi-molten rocks, - deep as 2890km, - rock rich with iron and magnesium.

Question 38

what are the characteristics of the crust?

Answer 38

- crust is lighter because it contains silicon, oxygen, aluminium, potassium and sodium, - composed of igneous rock, - less 1% of earths volume, - crust separated from the mantle by the Moho discontinuity.

Question 39

what are the characteristics of oceanic crust?

Answer 39

- beneath deep oceans, - between 5-8km, - consists of basalt rocks less than 200 million years old.

Question 40

what are the characteristics of continental crust?

Answer 40

- beneath earth's continental land masses and under shallow sea, between 30-70km, consists of lighter rocks both young and 4 billion years old.

Question 41

what is the upper mantle and crust divided into?

Answer 41

lithosphere and asthenosphere.

Question 42

what is a super-continent?

Answer 42

a large landmass made up of most of or all of earth's land.

Question 43

who created the theory of plate tectonics?

Answer 43

wegener.

Question 44

what is the plate tectonic theory?

Answer 44

the outer rigid later of the earth is divided into a couple dozen plates that move across the earth's surface relative to each other.

Question 45

what is the evidence that continents were joined together?

Answer 45

- fitting together, - fossil evidence, - glacial deposits, - geological evidence, - mountain belts, - sea floor.

Question 46

what are the three plate movements?

Answer 46

- constructive - moving apart, - conservative - moving past, - destructive - moving towards.

Question 47

what are the two main types of forces that influence plate motion?

Answer 47

friction and gravity.

Question 48

plate movement - what is basal drag? (friction)

Answer 48

plate motion driver by friction between the convection currents in the asthenosphere.

Question 49

plate movement - what is slab suction? (gravity)

Answer 49

plate motion driven by local convection currents that exert a downward pull on plate in subduction zones at ocean trenches.

Question 50

plate movement - what is slab pull?

Answer 50

the denser plate sinks back into the mantle under the influence of gravity, then pulls the rest of the plate behind it.

Question 50

plate movement - what is ridge push?

Answer 50

magma rises as the plates move apart, the magma cools to form a new plate. when it cools is becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge.

Question 51

what is a constructive plate margin?

Answer 51

- plates move away from each other, - causes volcanoes, - causes weak earthquakes, - two continental or two oceanic.

Question 52

what is a destructive plate margin?

Answer 52

- plates move towards each other, - causes volcanoes, - causes earthquakes, - oceanic + continental = oceanic subducts, - continental + continental = mountains.

Question 53

what is a conservative margin?

Answer 53

- plates moving past each other, - no volcanoes, - causes earthquakes.