Hazards

Question 1

What is meant by risk?

Answer 1

Risk is the exposure of people to a hazardous event presenting a potential threat to themselves, obsessions and the built environment in which they live

Question 2

Why do people put themselves in risk from natural hazards?

Answer 2

Lack of alternatives, hazard events are unpredictable, changing level of risk over time (places which are safe are now not over time), cost/benefit, hazard perception

Question 3

What is hazard perception?

Answer 3

refers to how individuals, communities, and governments perceive and respond to natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and floods. Perception of hazards is influenced by factors such as: experience, wealth, education, cultural religious beliefs

Question 4

What is meant by vulnerability?

Answer 4

It means the potential for loss. This varies overtime and among different social groups and space

Question 5

Factors that could influence hazard perception

Answer 5

Social economic status, level of education, employment status, religion, family, past experience, values

Question 6

What are the three main hazard perceptions

Answer 6

Fatalism ( as natural hazards are natural events that are part of living religion)
Adaptation (people see that they can prepare for, and therefore survive the events, technology, prediction, prevention
Fear ( move away from the hazards)

Question 7

Management strategies

Answer 7

Prediction prevention protection risk sharing/community preparedness (education)

Question 8

Draw the risk management cycle

Answer 8

Pre-disaster
(Risk assessment medication prevention(
Natural hazard
response
(saving people protection short-term response)
post disaster
(Reconstruction rehabilitation mitigation prevention )

Question 9

What does FEMA do

Answer 9

They coordinate a response to a disaster that occurs in the United States and that has overwhelmed the resources of local and state authorities

Question 10

Draw the park model

Answer 10

Y axis quality of life level of economic activity x axis time (pre disaster relief rehabilitation reconstruction) u shape improvement o top then normality then deterioration

Question 11

Distribution

Answer 11

The area affected by the hazard from a smaller localised area all the way up to global impact

Question 12

Frequency

Answer 12

This is how often something occurs such as how many earthquakes happen once a year

Question 13

Magnitude

Answer 13

This is a scale to indicate the strength or impact of the natural hazard like earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale

Question 14

Primary effects and secondary effects

Answer 14

Primary effects of a natural hazard like what strikes the country first the shaking of the earthquake
Secondary effects, this happens after primary effects

Question 15

Structure of the

Answer 15

Lithosphere asthenosphere mantle outer core(liquid) inner core ( solid)
Crust 0 to 100 km thick

Question 16

What is Primordial heat

Answer 16

Ancient heat from the earths formation that still contributes internal thermal energy

Question 17

Radiogenic heat

Answer 17

Key source of earths internal heat generated by natural decay of radioactive elements

Question 18

What is thicker continental or oceanic
Which is older
Which is more dense

Answer 18

Continental
Continental
Oceanic

Question 19

What is ridge push and at what plate boundary does it occur

Answer 19

Cause of the elavation of the mid-oceanic ridge and the gravity forces which forces the plates downwards due to gravity and new crust forms (conservative)

Question 20

What is slab pull and boundary? Does it occur at?

Answer 20

Convergent plate boundary where denser subducting oceanic plate sinks into the man told you to gravity as a slab decent is it a pulling force on the rest of the plate moving it towards the abduction zone?

Question 21

Draw and describe the Constructive plate boundary

Answer 21

New cross is generated as a police pull away from each other for example, the mid Atlantic Ridge in Iceland where the Eurasian and North American plates are moving apart

Question 22

Draw rift valley and what plate boundary it is at and explain it

Answer 22

Rising my muscles the whole region to be uplifted this created weakness in the crust through which low viscosity basalts emerged and flooded the area

Question 23

Destructive explain and draw and example

Answer 23

Cross is destroyed as two plates converge these are usually associated with island arc or Young Ford Mountains then dancer oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate in the process of subduction. Mazda playe is subductting beneath the South American plate

Question 24

Destructive between two oceanic plates

Answer 24

One oceanic plate subducts beneath the other island arcs such as the Mariana Island

Question 25

Destructive continental+ Continental

Answer 25

Collision boundary where two continental crusts of low density are forced up into Young fold mountains this is happening the Endo Australian plate a Eurasian plate forming the Himalayas

Question 26

Conservative example and description

Answer 26

Where two plates slide past one another parallel to the plate margin there is no subduction and therefore no volcanic activity. The most known example is the San Andreas book with the pacific and North America place move in the same direction.

Question 27

What is a hotspot

Answer 27

An area on earth over a mantle plume or an area under the crust where magma is hotter than the surrounding magma

Question 28

What lava is more explosive less viscous or more viscous

Answer 28

More viscous as it is too hard for the gasses to escape rather than the less viscous where it is easier for gases to escape so it is less expensive

Question 30

Name 4 primary volcanic hazards

Answer 30

1.Tephra ( large fragments of rock ejected) 2.Pyroclastic flow (fast weaving flow of hot gas, ash and volcanic debris) 3.Lava flows 4. Volcanic gas ( co2 so2)

Question 31

Name five secondary volcanic hazards

Answer 31

Lahars (mudflows caused by heavy rainfall) Flooding( melting glaciers ) Volcanic landslides Tsunami Acid rain (so2)

Question 32

Why do earthquakes happen away from plate boundaries

Answer 32

Due to ancient fault lines and areas of weaker crust triggers by erosion rainfall or glacial melting

Question 33

What cause more damage if earthquakes deep or shallow focuses

Answer 33

Shallow as earthquakes the seismic waves travel less distances and can therefore get a greater surface area effected

Question 34

Two different scale of earthquakes

Answer 34

MMS Richter scale

Question 35

Primary and secondary effects of earthquakes

Answer 35

Primary: ground shaking Secondary: soil liquefaction, landslides, tsunami, fires (broken gas pipes)

Question 36

Name 5 different protection and mitigation strategies for earthquakes

Answer 36

1.Early warning systems 2. Hazard resistance structures: 3.Fitting large concrete weights on top of the building 4.Putting large rubber shock absorbers 5.Adding cross-bracing

Question 37

Explain a crown fire

Answer 37

Where the fire burned through the canopy or top layer of vegetation

Question 38

Explain surface fires

Answer 38

burn through grass, leaves, and low vegetation.

Question 39

Explain natural causes of wilfire

Answer 39

Lightning Volcanic eruption Spontaneous combustion (In hot conditions area with a lot of dry organic material)

Question 40

Human cause of wildfires

Answer 40

Cigarette Out of control fires ( bbq, camp fire)

Question 41

Distribution of wildfires

Answer 41

Normally rural but because of urban expansion they are coming closer to city’s/ towns

Question 42

The _____ force is the phenomenon caused by earth rotation deflecting moving objects such as wind to the right in the northern hemisphere until the left in the South hemisphere

Answer 42

Coriolis force

Question 43

The Saffir Simpson scale is…..

Answer 43

Scale that classifies hurricanes into five categories based on their sustained wind speeds and potential damage

Question 44

How are tropical stroms formed

Answer 44

Area of low pressure air is heated over warm 27° C and deep 70 meter quotation the air rises causing the storm between 5° and 30° north and south of the equator

Question 46

What will happen to the frequency and intensity of tropical storms due to the impacts of climate change?

Answer 46

The intensity will increase the frequency will stay the same

Question 47

Prediction method for tropical storms

Answer 47

Advanced weathering forecasting systems satellite data to allow people to evacuate and seek shelter in advance

Question 48

Protection mitigation and preparation for tropical storms

Answer 48

Cyclone/hurricane drills Line, do you use planning Sea walls break water and flood barriers Retro fitting

Question 49

Adaption for tropical storms

Answer 49

Levee and flood wall improvement Wetland restoration