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Geography AS > HAZARDS > Flashcards

HAZARDS Flashcards

1
Q

examples of atmospheric hazards…

A 
hailstorms 
lightening 
tropical storms 
hurricanes 
tornadoes
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2
Q

examples of sesimic hazards…

A 
tsunamis 
ground shaking
fault ruptures
lateral spreading 
liquefaction 
seiches
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3
Q

other geological/hydrological hazards…

A 
debris
avalanches
expansive soils
landslides
rockfalls
submarine slides
subsidence
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4
Q

hydrologic hazards…

A 
river flooding
coastal flooding
desertification
salinization
drought
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5
Q

volcanic hazards…

A 
pyroclastic flows
mud flow
lava flow
gasses
tephra
projectiles
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6
Q

wildfire hazards…

A

savannah
forest
grass
brush

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7
Q

what is adaptation?

A

the attempts of people or communities to live with hazard events

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8
Q

what is fatalism?

A

people cannot influence or shape the outcome therefore nothing can be done to mitigate against it

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9
Q

what is fear?

A

the perception that people will feel so vulnerable to an event that they will no longer be able to face living in the environment

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10
Q

what are primary impacts?

A

the effects of a hazard event that result directly from the event

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11
Q

what are secondary impacts?

A

the effects that result from the primary impact of the hazardous event.

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12
Q

what is a hazard?

A

the threat of substantial loss of life, substantial impact upon life or damage to property that can be caused by an event

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13
Q

what are natural hazards?

A

events which are perceived to be a threat to people, the built environment and the natural environment

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14
Q

what is a disaster?

A

a disaster occurs as a result of a hazard

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15
Q

common characteristics of natural hazards…

A

clear origins and distinctive affects
little or no warning
exposure to risk may be involuntary
the scale and impact requires an emergency response

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16
Q

what is perception?

A

the way in which an individual or group views a hazardous event

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17
Q

factors which influence the perception of hazards…

A 
family situation
past experiences
socio-economic status
employment status 
religious, cultural background
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18
Q

what is resilience?

A

the ability to use available resources to be able to respond and withhold the effects of a natural hazard

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19
Q

hazard incidence?

A

the larger the hazard the more human response would be needed

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20
Q

intensity?

A

the higher the intensity the more management strategies would be needed.

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21
Q

distribution

A

refers to the spatial coverage of the hazard

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22
Q

frequency

A

refers to the distribution of the hazard through time

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23
Q

magnitude

A

assesses the size of the impact

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24
Q

what is the structure of the earth?

A

inner core
outer core
crust
mantle

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25
Q

what are the two internal energy sources of the core?

A

primordial heat

radiogenic heat

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26
Q

what is primordial heat?

A

left over heat from the earths formation

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27
Q

what is radiogenic heat?

A

produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes

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28
Q

how many tectonic plates is the earths crust separated into?

A

12

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29
Q

what is Wilson’s theory about hotspots?

A

in certain locations around the world volcanism has been active for very long periods of time
this could only happen if relatively small long lasting hot regions called hotspots existed below the plates

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30
Q

what are examples of hotspots?

A

african plate
iceland
the azores
galapogos islands

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31
Q

describe the global distribution of active volacnoes?

A

located in long chains along destructive and constructive plate boundaries. The mid atlantic ridge and the pacific ring of fire are examples of where volcanoes are in chains.

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32
Q

what is an active volcano?

A

a volcano which has erupted recently

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33
Q

what is a dormant volcano?

A

a volcano which has erupted in the last 2000 years but not recently is dormant

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34
Q

what are are extinct volcanoes?

A

a volcano which is unlikely to erupt ever again

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35
Q

what is lava?

A

magma above the surface

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36
Q

what is magma?

A

molten rock underneath the surface

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37
Q

what are the three types of lava?

A

basaltic flows
andestic flows
rhyolites

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38
Q

what is being done to predict volcanoes?

A 
ash fall meters
strain sensors
gps
electrical field sensors
gas sensors
water flow
satellites
infrasound devices
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39
Q

what is mitigation?

A

any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long term risk to human life and property from natural hazards

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40
Q

what are prevention methods?

A

warn the population
evacuate
produce hazard maps

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41
Q

what are primary volcanic hazards?

A 
ash
lava flows
nuees ardentes
pyroclatic events 
tephra 
volcanic gasses
42
Q

secondary volcanic hazards?

A 
acid rain
climate change
lahars
landslides
flooding 
tsunamis
43
Q

what are primary waves?

A

waves move the fastest - can move through solids liquids and air

44
Q

what are secondary waves?

A

they can only move through solids

45
Q

what are tsunamis?

A

giant sea waves generated by shallow focus underwater earthquakes involving movements of the sea bed

46
Q

how are tsunamis formed?

A

rapid movement of the ocean floor displaces a column of water
a series of waves travels outwards at heights believed to be less than 3 feet on the ocean floor
as a wave approaches land, it’s energy compresses into a smaller space forcing it to gain height.

47
Q

what are mitigation against a seismic hazard?

A 
hazard resistant structures
education
fire prevention
emergency services
land use planning 
insurance
aid
tsunami protection
48
Q

Describe the distribution of tropical storms?

A

form along the equator
get them between 5 and 20 north and south of the equator
once generated they tend to move westwards

49
Q

what are the conditions needed for a tropical storm?

A 
ocean temp of 27 degrees
ocean depth of at least70m
5 degrees north or south of equator
low level convergence air
atmospheric instability
latent heat and moisture supply
50
Q

what is the scale for measuring the magnitude of TS?

A

the saffir simpson scale

51
Q

social impacts of tropical storms?

A 
death and injury
waterborn diseases
looting
insurance premiums may rise
stress and trauma
52
Q

economic impacts of tropical storms?

A 
repairing the damage
properties damaged
people become homeless
crops damaged 
oil prices may rise
businesses close
53
Q

environmental impacts of a tropical storm?

A 
sea fish may be killed as a result of a storm surge
flooding
landslides
mudslides
damaged ecosystems
54
Q

what can be done to predict tropical storms?

A

geostationary sattelites
24hr surveillance by aircraft of storms that are likely to become hurricanes
allows time for evacuation

55
Q

protection methods when tropical storms occur?

A 
evacuation
emergency services on full alert
drills
heavier roofs
mitgation
56
Q

what determines the severity of a hazard?

A 
duration
magnitude
predictability
regularity
frequency
speed of onset
spatial concentration
areal extent
number of hazards
57
Q

what is risk?

A

the exposure of people to a hazardous event presenting a potential threat to themselves

58
Q

what is vulnerability?

A

geographical conditions that increases the susceptibility of a community to a hazard

59
Q

why do people put themselves at risk?

A

hazard events are unpredictable
cost/benefit
lack of alternatives
changing the level of risk

60
Q

what does the hazards of place model show?

A

the risk and vulnerability and the factors that contribute to it.

61
Q

what is perception?

A

the way in which an individual or group views the threat of a hazard event

62
Q

what are the factors that influence the perception of hazards?

A 
family situation
socio-economic satus
level of education
employment status
religion,cultural background 
personal values
past experience
63
Q

what is HIC?

A

high income country

64
Q

what is LIC?

A

low income country

65
Q

what is relief?

A

the immediate local and possibly global response in the form of aid, expertise and search and rescue

66
Q

what is rehabilitation?

A

a longer phase lasting weeks/months when infrastructure and services are restored

67
Q

what is reconstruction?

A

Restoring to the same or better quality of life as before the event took place.

68
Q

what can you do pre-disaster?

A

risk management
mitigation/prevention
preparedness

69
Q

what can you do as a response to a disaster?

A 
warning/evacuation
saving people
providing immediate assistance
assessing damage 
ongoing assistance
70
Q

what can you do post-disaster?

A

reconstruction
ongoing development activities
economic and social recovery

71
Q

what does the disaster/risk management cycle show?

A

shows the ongoing process by which governments businesses and society plan for and reduce the impacts of disasters.

72
Q

what did the theory of plate tectonics help us to understand?

A

the distribution of the worlds major land forms
where natural hazards can strike
the distribution of minerals and energy supplies

73
Q

when does a destructive plate margin occur?

A

occurs when an oceanic and continental plates moves together. the oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate (lighter)

74
Q

what do you get at destructive plate margins?

A

cone compisite volcanoes
fold mountains
ocean trenches

75
Q

conservative plate boundary?

A

A conservative plate boundary, sometimes called a transform plate margin, occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds.

Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake.

76
Q

constructive plate margin?

A

A constructive plate boundary, sometimes called a divergent plate margin, occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed.

77
Q

what are deep sea trenches?

A
  • mark where one plate begins to desend between the other
  • found at two types of destructive plate margins
  • oceanic and oceanic
  • continental and oceanic
  • the subducting of the denser oceanic plate forms a very deep part of the ocean known as an ocean trench.
78
Q

what is an island arc?

A
  • as the oceanic plate desends the heat and friction begins to melt the plate in the part of the subduction zone known as the benioff zone
  • magma that is less dense rises forming volcanoes
  • if the eruption takes place offshore a line of volcanoes known as an island arc can appear
79
Q

what are rift valleys?

A
  • form in continental areas due to fracturing of brittle crust.
  • areas of crust drop between the paralell faults to form this feature
80
Q

formation of tropical storms…

A
  1. the sun sends incoming solar radiation to the earth which warms our oceans
  2. this warms this oceans to a critical 27 degrees
  3. the high sea temp causes the warm moist air to rise from the ocean
  4. the evaporated air cools as it rises condesing to form towering thunderstorm clouds
  5. as the air condenses it releases heat which powers the storm and draws up more and more water from the ocean
  6. several smaller thunderstorms join together to form a giant spinning storm
  7. the storm develops an eye at the center where air desends rapidly. the outer edge pf the eye wall is where the strongest winds occur
  8. as the storm is carried accross the ocean by prevailing winds it continues to gather strength from the warm moist air.
81
Q

why does management vary in HIC’S and LIC’S ?

A

poorer countries cannot support themselves
HIC’S can have better protection methods resources and information
lack of education in LIC
HIC’S have more money

82
Q

what is a wildfire?

A

the term used for an uncontrolled fire fueled by natural vegetation

83
Q

when do fires occur?

A

when oxygen combines with carbon, hydrogen and other organic materials in a rapid chemical reaction.

84
Q

what are the 3 main types of wildfires?

A

surface fires
ground fires
crown fires

85
Q

conditions needed for a fire?

A

fuel-dry vegetation
ignition source
climatic/weather condition

86
Q

natural causes of wildfires…

A 
wood much reach 300 degrees
hot volcanic lava
earthquakes
lack of precipitation
lightening strike
meteorites
very dry vegetation
87
Q

human causes of wildfires…

A 
power lines
guns
increase in human activity
campfires
not disposing of cigarettes properly
arson
burning debris
accident or equipment failure
88
Q

what do the natures of wildfires depend on?

A 
types of vegetation
space between fuels
wind strength
topography
times and seasons
temperature
89
Q

what are the primary environmental impacts of wildfires?

A

destruction of habitats and ecosystems
death and injury of animals
short term surge of Co2 due to burning of fossil fuels
atmospheric pollution

90
Q

what are the primary social impacts of wildfires?

A

loss of life and injuries
displacement of people
disruption to power supplies
damage to mobile phone lines

91
Q

what are the primary economic effects of wildfires?

A

damage/destruction of infrastructure
financial losses
destruction of businesses
loss of crops and livestock

92
Q

what are the primary political impacts of wildfires?

A

actions of emergency services
responses of local and national government
pressure on local authorities and emergency services

93
Q

what are the secondary environmental impacts of wildfires?

A

lack of trees and vegetation
increased carbon emissions have an impact on climate change
effects on ecosystem development
temporary changes to weather

94
Q

what are the secondary social impacts of wildfires?

A

possible need for new employment

behavioural adaptations based on wildlife experience- people have to abide by new rules and regulations

95
Q

what are the secondary economic impacts of wildfires?

A

cost of rebuilding or possible relocation
replacement of infrastructure
cost of future preparedness and mitigation strategies
tourism can be affected

96
Q

what are the secondary political impacts of wildfires?

A

develop strategies for prepardness and mitigation

desicions about replanting forests

97
Q

what is the prepardness strategies for managing wildfires?

A
  • rural firefighting teams staffed by volunteers
  • warning released through social media
  • fire bans introduced
  • a red flag warning issued when weather conditions are extreme
98
Q

what are the prevention strategies for managing wildfires?

A

-public awareness in campsites and public areas where rules regarding the use of campfires and barbeques have to be strictly enforced
“fire bans” during times of high risk

99
Q

what are the mitigation strategies for managing wildfires?

A
  • cameras,infrared sensors and sattelites can detect thermal radiation
  • NASA is developing drone technology
  • disaster aid and fire insurance
100
Q

what attitudes have the people of the phillipines taken to living in a multi-hazardous environment?

A

implemented management strategies
trained volunteers in disaster management
have co-operative partnerships with the government
willing to adapt

Geography AS (4 decks)

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