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Geography AWI/FHA > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is mainly the inner core composed of?

A

Iron and nickel

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2
Q

Solid or liquid? Inner core

A

Solid

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3
Q

Solid or liquid? Outer core- Why?

A

Liquid, the heat from the inner core causes the iron and nickel to melt and become liquidated

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4
Q

Solid or liquid? Mantle

A

Solid

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5
Q

What is the type of sphere called on the ground?

A

Lithosphere

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6
Q

What is the bottom half of the mantle called?

A

The aesthenosphere

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7
Q

What does the asthenosphere do?

A

It generates convection currents which pushes magam up vents and forms a new crust as it moves along

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8
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Oceanic and Continental

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9
Q

What is the oceanic crust mostly formed of?

A

Basalt

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10
Q

What is the continental crust mostly formed of?

A

Granite

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11
Q

What happens to the oceanic crust when it makes contact with a continental crust?

A

It sinks under it and is recycled as a destructive plate

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12
Q

What are the three types of plate margins?

A

Constructive, conservative, destructive

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13
Q

What occurs at a constructive plate margin?

A

The two plates move apart from each other

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14
Q

What occurs at a destructive plate margin?

A

Volcanoes and Earthquakes

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15
Q

What natural events happen at a constructive plate margin?

A

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

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16
Q

What natural events happen at a constructive plate margin?

A

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

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17
Q

What are the three types of merging pairs called?

A

Oceanic- Oceanic Continental-Continental Oceanic- Continental

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18
Q

What is formed as a result of the oceanic- continental and what is an example of where this is

A

Deep sea trench- Peru-chili plate pacific ocean

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19
Q

What is formed as a result of the oceanic- oceanic and what is an example of where this is

A

Deep Sea Island arch- North Pacific, Mariana islands

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20
Q

What is formed as a result of the continental - continental and what is an example of where this is

A

Folded mountains- The himalayas

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21
Q

Conservative plate margins- When do they occur?

A

When two plates slide against each other

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22
Q

How do conservative plate margins cause earthquakes ?

A

When they slide they lock and large pressure builds up until all of a sudden they break free. Causing a large amount of energy to shakes the ground.

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23
Q

What landforms can be created as a result of an earthquake?

A

Fault lines

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24
Q

What are disasters measured by?

A

Death toll, economic impact and other land changes

25
Q

Give a named example of a significant earthquake and some impacts (Env, EC, Soc)

A

Japan

  • predicted 7.2 but was actually 9
  • $200 billion
  • 5,000 death
  • 4 edges of tectonic plates
26
Q

Give a named example of a volcanic eruption and what happened as a result of it

A

Mount Ontake- 2014

27
Q

Give an example of a hurricane and state some characteristics and impacts

A 
Hurricane Katrina 
Category 5
1,000,000 evacuated with one day notice
100m high wave
210km/h wind speeds
28
Q

What is the definition of a natural hazard?

A

Natural occurring physical phenomena caused by either rapid or slow events.

29
Q

What are four parts of the hazard management system?

A

Response Recovery Preparedness Mitigation

30
Q

What is mitigation?

A

Minimising the effects of a disaster for next time

31
Q

Give an example where a volcanic eruption took place

A

Indonesia

32
Q

What is the order of layers starting from the surface to the centre of the earth?

A

Crust –> asthenosphere –> mantle–> outer core –> inner core

33
Q

What factors affect people’s perception of hazards?

A

Religion
Beliefs
Occupation
Experiences

34
Q

What 3 ways do people perceive natural hazards?

A

Fatalism
Adoption
Fear

35
Q

What does the park model show?

A

How the damage affects from the normal life

36
Q

When do constructive plate margins occur?

A

When two plates diverge from each other

37
Q

What are dormant volcanoes called that are in the sea?

A

Sea mounds

38
Q

What does VEI mean?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

39
Q

What are plinian eruptions and what do they form?

A

They produce rhyolitic or andesitic lava with a high viscosity builds up slowly and is suddenly released in a high explosive away

40
Q

What is the general pattern of earthquake numbers and magnitude?

A

The higher the magnitude the less frequent earthquakes are per year

41
Q

What does the VEI measure?

A
  • Volume of ejected lava
  • Height of the eruption
  • Duration
42
Q

What are some issues with the VEI?

A

They measure the emissions produced or the atmospheric damage to the atmosphere

43
Q

What are some secondary effects of seismic events?

A

Tsunami’s
Landslides
Sil liquefaction

44
Q

What is the Mercalli scale?

A

It is a scale for seismic hazards based on someone’s opinion

45
Q

Example of multi-hazards in a country and explain two hazards

A

Typhoon Haiyan

Tsunami caused as a result

46
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A naturally occurring physical phenomena caused by rapid or slow onset events. These can be geophysical, hydrological, climatological, meteorological and biological

47
Q

Give an example of a Hurricane event that happened to a HIC- Give some key points about it

A

Hurricane Katrina- USA August 2005

  • Category 5
  • Began as a low category over the bahamas
  • Then developed to category 4 and named Katrina
  • 1 Million refugees
  • Flood defences destroyed and flooded majorly consuming 80%
  • 55,000 homes destroyed
  • Looters emerged as a result
48
Q

Give an example of a typhoon event that happened in a LIC

A

Typhoon Haiyan- Philippines 2013

  • One of the strongest ever recorded
  • Became category 5 by 6th September
  • Eventually died out by the south of China
  • Poorly constructed homes- 6,000 fatalities
  • UK deployed ships to help
49
Q

Give an example of a multi-hazard LIC and what occurred in the country

A

Philippines- Volcano Pinatubo- 1991

  • Landslides
  • Earthquakes
  • Tsunamis
  • Typhoons
  • Volcanoes
  • Lahars
50
Q

What is the theory of continental drift?

A

Heat from the earth travelled to the crust through convection currents in the asthenosphere and causes the magma to spread and cool which causes the plates to become more denser and sink downstairs

51
Q

How far do the plates roughly move per year?

A

0-100mm

52
Q

What is the theory of ridge pull?

A

A rock melts due to the intense heat from the magma, It then expands and becomes elevated. New rock is then cooled and becomes denser, gravity then slides it away from it’s mid ridge

53
Q

What is the theory of slab pull?

A

As a subducting plate begins to sink, it pulls the rest of the plate with it.

54
Q

What is community preparedness/risk sharing?

A

Being able to inform people of how to prepare/ face the hazard when it approaches

55
Q

What do mean by integrated management risk?

A

Considering social, economic, political and environmental factors to assess the risk

56
Q

What is an example of an earthquake event in a LIC?

A 
Haiti January 12th 2010 
Magnitude 7 
300,000 injured
cholera outbreaks
UK sent aid
5 million displaced
57
Q

What are some characteristics of oceanic crust?

A

5-10 km thick
Formed of Basalt rock
Sinks at continental plate
recycled at destructive plate margins

58
Q

What are some characteristics of continental crust?

A

20-200 km thick
Granite rock and not destroyed at a margin
Old

Geography AWI/FHA (5 decks)

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