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Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Duvalier family of Haiti in power?

A

1957-1986

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2
Q

How many deaths from Haiti, China, Japan?

A
  1. 220-250,000 by UN
    316,000 by Haiti Gov
  2. 87,000 deaths
  3. 16,000
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3
Q

How much economic cost from Haiti, China, Japan?

A 
Haiti = 14bn
China = 126bn
Japan = 240bn
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4
Q

What is the HDI of Haiti, China, Japan?

A 
Haiti = 0.45
China = 0.78
Japan = 0.89
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5
Q

Where is Sichuan?

A

Mountaneous region in South West China

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6
Q

Where was the Sichuan EQ?

A

On the Longmenshan fault, which is along the border of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plate

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7
Q

What was the recovery process of China?

A
  • 130,000 troops mobilized
  • In 2010, 97% of the restoration projects had begun
  • Government pledged $10bn for rebuilding works
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8
Q

What was the cause of Japan 2011?

A

Subduction of Pacific under Eurasian

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9
Q

What factors reduced Japan’s vulnerability?

A
  • 10m high sea wall defences
  • Buildings regulations = 75% of buildings built with EQ in mind
  • 2 EEW systems
  • Good communications, 3 top mobile phone carriers sent SMS messages of updates about EQ
  • Emergency EQ kits
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10
Q

What is the energy policy of Japan?

A

30% nuclear = 2010
1% nuclear = 2013
50% nuclear = 2020 (hopes)

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11
Q

Where was the 2004 Tsunami EQ?

A

Epicentre was off the west coast of Sumatra

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12
Q

Why did the 2004 Tsunami EQ occur?

A

Subduction of Indo-Australian under Eurasian

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13
Q

What was the height of the tsunami wave in some places in 2004 EQ?

A

Reached up to 34m

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14
Q

What was the amount of women killed compared to men in 2004 Tsunami?

A

40-45,000 more women killed than men

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15
Q

How much CO2 was saved from entering air due to E15 stoppage of air traffic in Europe?

A

It saved 1.3-2.8 million tonnes of CO2 entering atmosphere

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16
Q

What is the disaster risk index?

A

Combines physical exposure with vulnerability

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17
Q

What are the top risk countries in the world?

A
  1. Vanuatu
  2. Tonga
  3. Philippines
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18
Q

Higher frequency?

A

Higher vulnerability

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19
Q

What are the elements of development?

A

SEEP

  1. Social (housing, healthcare, education)
  2. Economic (wealth, QOL)
  3. Environmental (resource usage)
  4. Political (political freedom, democracy, human right)
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20
Q

What are the inequality strands?

A

PEAS

  1. Political = unequal capacity
  2. Entitlements = unequal access to public services
  3. Asset = housing/security of tenure
  4. Social status = space
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21
Q

Higher poverty?

A

Higher risk

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22
Q

Lil cycle of low income households = high risk?

A
  1. Low income households
  2. Hazard prone areas
  3. Low land values
  4. Poor infrastructure, social protection & high env. degredation
  5. High risk and low resilience
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23
Q

What must you remember about governance?

A

It is not only one ‘governance’ now - it is now a group of socio political groups!

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of governance?

A
  1. Rise in economic activity
  2. Rise in activity of insitutitions e.g. EU/governing bodies
  3. Rise in neoliberal activity
  4. Spread of information technology
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25
Q

What are the interactions of governance?

A
  1. Administrative
    - System of policy implementation
    - Good gov at local and central levels
  2. Political
    - Process of decision making to create policies
    - State players and private sector
  3. Economic
    - Decision making processes that affect a country’s economic activities and relationships with other countries
    - Impacts equity, poverty and QOL
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26
Q

What are the tectonic trends since 60’s?

A

Hey Dick Dan, Emily’s Pretty!

  1. Recorded hazards = increasing
  2. Reported disasters = falling
  3. Deaths = falling, spikes in mega events tho
  4. Economic cost = increasing
  5. People affected = increasing
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27
Q

What are the difficulties of disaster statistics?

A
  1. Overreporting
  2. Underreporting
  3. Cluster of mega events, can confuse stats
  4. Direct vs indirect deaths
  5. **Gaining consistent disaster data = difficult
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28
Q

What is a mega disaster?

A

A major hazardous event becomes catastrophic and more than a disaster

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29
Q

Characteristics of mega disasters?

A

DBISMS

  1. Large no’s of deaths
  2. Loss of buildings/infrastructure
  3. Long term impact
  4. Large scale impact
  5. *****Difficult to manage/minimise
  6. Requires international support & long term recovery plans **
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30
Q

Case Studies of Mega Disasters?

A

Japan: energy policy

E15: global interdependance

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31
Q

BMW fact on E15?

A

BMW Car Production fell by 7000 vehicles in a week

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32
Q

What is a multiple hazard zone?

A

An country/area where a number of physical hazards combine to create an increased level of risk for the country and it’s population

e.g. Philippenes

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33
Q

What is a disaster hotspot?

A

A country/area that is extremely disaster prone for a number of reasons

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34
Q

Multiple hazard zone: case study: Philippines?

A
  1. Plate boundary
  2. Tsunami
  3. Typhoon
  4. Landslides
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35
Q

What is the plate boundary in which the Philippines lies on?

A

Subduction of Philippine under Eurasian

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36
Q

How many active volcanoes in Philippines?

A

23

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37
Q

How many EQ’s per day in Philippines?

A

3/5

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38
Q

How much of the population live near volcanoes in Philippines?

A

Around 30% of the population live within 30km of a volcano

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39
Q

How many typhoons does Philippines get yearly?

A

20

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40
Q

An example of a typhoon in Philippines?

A

2018, Sept
Typhoon Mangkhut
Up to 205mph winds

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41
Q

Why is Philippines prone to landslides?

A
  1. Heavy, quick rainfall = monsoonal climate
  2. Steep topography mixed with high deforestation and env. degredation

= LANDSLIDE PRONE!!

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42
Q

Deforestation fact in Philippines?

A

123,000 hectares lost yearly

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43
Q

Philippines major hazard events fact?

A

Between 1950 and 2015, experienced 555 MAJOR hazard events!

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44
Q

Population density of Manila?

A

Top city by POPD in world!

43,000 people per km2

45
Q

Poverty % of Philippines?

A

25% of population in poverty

46
Q

When was Pinatubo eruption?

A

1991

47
Q

Effects of Pinatubo eruption?

A

Global cooling of 0.5 in 1991-1993

VEI: 6

48
Q

When was Bohol EQ?

A

2013

49
Q

How many died from Bohol EQ?

A

222

50
Q

Energy release from Bohol EQ?

A

Energy released was equivalent to 23 Hiroshima bombs!

51
Q

Economic impacts of hazard events is dependent on?

A

DIUI

  1. Level of development
  2. Insurance: losses/gains
  3. Level of urbanisation
  4. Level of interdependency
52
Q

What does risk equal?

A

Risk = hazard X exposure X vulnerability/manageability

53
Q

How does a mid ocean ridge form?

A

Continuous input of magma during sea floor spreading

54
Q

What is the Haiwaii hotspot movement?

A

The Pacific Plate is dragging the Haiwaii hotspot mantle plume North West

55
Q

Plate tectonic theories?

A
  1. Alfred Wegner = 1915
  2. WW1 = sonar technology
  3. Arthur Holmes = 1919
  4. WW2 = advanced sonar technology: mid ocean ridges etc..
  5. Hess and Dietz = 1960 = sea floor spreading
  6. Vine and Matthews = 1963 = paleomagnetism
  7. J. Tuzo Wilson = 1965 = lithiosphere split into plates
56
Q

What is the Risk Disk?

A

A model to understand the decline in deaths due to disaster preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery

57
Q

Risk Disk - 6 tings?

A

RRMPDC

Ronald Reagan Made President Dick Cheney

  1. Response
  2. Recovery
  3. Mitigation
  4. Preparedness
  5. Development
  6. Adaptation to climate change

= all of which combine = risk reduction

58
Q

Why can EQ risk be forecasted?

A

Due to statistical likelihood based on data & evidence from global seismic networks and historical records

59
Q

Which forecasts are more reliable - short or long term?

A

Long term

60
Q

What does the Risk Disk simply do?

A

Help to understand disaster management

61
Q

Risk Disk - 6 tings explained?

A
  1. Disaster response
    - quick coordination
    - appropriate aid
  2. Disaster recovery
    - rehabilitation of livelihoods
    - reconstruction of imp. infra
  3. Disaster mitigation
    - hazard proof tings e.g. buildings, jobs, insurance
  4. Disaster preparedness
    - future management e.g. EEW & evacuation routes
  5. Development
    - strengthening of livelihoods and CESP assets
  6. Adaptation to climate change
    - strategies e.g. int. protocols or reduction in emissions
62
Q

Mnemonic for risk disk factors?

A

Ronald Reagan Made President Dick Cheney

63
Q

Why is forecasting important?

A
  1. Encourages government to enforce better building regulations & improved evacuation procedures IN HIGH RISK AREAS

like u know the gov now knows the high risk areas - would be like so dumb now if they didn’t do anything? shows a weeeeak gov so now they can enforce regs and improve on disaster response and recovery etc lol

64
Q

Can we make accurate predictions of when and where EQ’s will happen?

A

NAAH MATE THINK AGAIN U CANNOOOOTT

- u would need to identify a diagonistic precursor for this to happen loool

65
Q

How are geophysicists trying to improve EQ prediction?

A

Based on calculating underground movements of magma

doing this by:

  1. Trying to predict where the plates are running together with the most stress
  2. Trying to map underground patterns of activity in Earth’s mantle
66
Q

What acc are geophysicists doing to improve EQ prediction?

A
  1. Trying to predict where plates are running together with the most stress
  2. Trying to map underground patterns of activity in Earth’s mantle
67
Q

What else is being done to improve EQ prediction?

A

Scientists are trying to predict EQ’s based on:

  1. Animal behaviours
  2. Radon emissions
  3. Electromagnetic variation
68
Q

EQ PREDICTION IMPROVEMENTS?

A
  1. Geophysicists - movements of magma (where plates running together & patterns of activity)
  2. Scientists - animals, gases, electro
69
Q

What is the hazard management cycle?

A
  1. Physical factors that affect response
    - type of hazard: scale, magnitude
    - topography of area
  2. Human factors that affect response
    - degree of preparedness
    - education and training
    - healthcare institutions
70
Q

What is the Park’s Model?

A

The Disaster Response Curve

It can compare areas at different levels of development

71
Q

What can the Park Model do?

A

Help understand the time dimensions of resilience
Prepare for future events
To understand risk

72
Q

When was the Park’s Model founded?

A

1991

73
Q

Stages in the Park’s Model?

A
  1. Pre-disaster
    + quality of life is normal
    + prevention and preparation is key
    + e.g. educating public and preparing emergency supplies
  2. Relief (hours to days)
    + immediate e.g. medical attention, rescue services, emergency care
  3. Rehabilitation (days to weeks)
    + groups e.g. gov trying to return to the state of normal
    + by providing food, water, shelter
  4. Reconstruction (weeks to years)
    + rehab > reconstruction over long period
    + investment of property, infra etc
    + preparation and prevention to learn from mistakes :)
74
Q

What is hazard management?

A

A series of imperfect solutions

75
Q

Advantages of Park Model?

A
  1. Visually effective

2. Compare different events with each other

76
Q

Disadvantages of the Park Model?

A
  1. Only a generalised model

2. Doesn’t account for differences in development

77
Q

Differences between forecasting and prediction?

A

FORECAST = based on statistical likelihood

PREDICTION = when and where event will occur

78
Q

Swiss Cheese Model management?

A
  1. Reducing no of holes in layer

2. Reducing size of holes in layer

79
Q

3 aspects of tectonic hazard management? ***

A
  1. Modifying the hazard event
  2. Modifying the vulnerability/resilience
  3. Modifying the loss
80
Q

How to modify hazard event? 111111111

A
  1. Land Use Zoning
  2. Diverting lava flows
  3. EQ Protection Techniques
  4. Buffer zones
81
Q

What is land use zoning?

A

+ Determining how the land in a community may be used
+ Recreational, residential, industrial
+ Protects people & property
+ Players: local government planners
+ e.g. Montserrat 1995, Soufriere Hills eruption (first time in 350 years) = a month later, 50% of population had been evacuated north away from the danger zone!

82
Q

What is diverting lava flows?

A

+ Away from people and communities

+ e.g. Mount Etna 1983, 30% of lava diverted from its course, caused villages of Rocca and Ragalna to be saved :)

83
Q

When was Montserrat?

A

1995

84
Q

When was Mount Etna?

A

1983

85
Q

Mount Etna villages?

A

Rocca & Ragalna

86
Q

What is EQ protection techniques?

A

+ micro: strengthen individual buildings against hazard stress
e.g. use base isolators to absorb tremors of EQ
+ macro: protection for whole communities
+ tends to be protection of public buildings e.g. hospitals
+ retrofit programmes = addition of new tech to older systems

87
Q

EQ PROTECTION TECHNIQUE?

A

BASE ISOLATORS

88
Q

What are buffer zones?

A

+ mangroves

+ tsunami walls e.g. Japan = 12.5 metres high in some places, run for 250 miles !!!

89
Q

How to modify vulnerability and resilience? 22222222

A
  1. High tech monitoring

2. Education and community preparedness

90
Q

What is high tech monitoring?

A
  • better tech = better prediction, forecasting and warning
  • early warning systems for volcanoes and earthquakes
  • mobile phone technology e.g. Japan = top 3 mobile phone carrriers = sent SMS messages to public = good warnings!! Haiti HAD NONE
  • Sentinel satillites = mapping earth surface to see warping = quakes
  • K.Net = Japan = network of seismographs
91
Q

What is education & community preparedness?

A
  • good education & public awareness = reduce vulnerability
  • practising emergency procedures and emergency preparedness kits
  • e.g Japan education in schools, there is a policy framework called ‘School Safety’ and week of 30th August = disaster prevention week
  • sharing of local knowledge with posters of what to do in hazard event
92
Q

How to modify the loss?

A
  1. Insurance

2. Aid

93
Q

What is aid? (types)

A
  1. Emergency
    (food, clean water, shelter)
  2. Short
    (temporary shelter, restoring water supplies)
  3. Long
    (reconstruction of buildings, redeveloping economy)
  • comes from NGO’s e.g. Oxfam and STC
  • two types: disaster (MIC’s and LIC’s) and internal governmental (emerging and developing, given to tax payers of country!)

e.g. SICHUAN 2008: Chinese gov gave out over $3 of it’s disaster relief fund!

94
Q

What is insurance?

A
  • insurance companies help with recovery from disaster - give them £ to repair/rebuild
  • lack of insurance in developing countries e.g. Haiti
  • provide cover for property loss
95
Q

Disaster management approaches?

A
  1. Hyogo, Japan, 2005, World Conference on Disaster Reduction
  2. Sendai Framework, 2015
    - understand disaster risk
    - strengthen governance to manage DR
    - ‘build back better’ = rehab, recon
96
Q

When does a mid ocean ridge form?

A

Continuous input of magma when sea floor is spreading

97
Q

Example of subduction zone EQ?

A

1960
Valdivia, Chile
Nazca under SA
9.5 magnitude! (largest in historrrry)

98
Q

Oceanic fracture zone?

A

A belt of activity running through the oceans along mid ocean ridges - coming ashore in Africa, Red and Dead Sea and California

99
Q

Continental fracture zone?

A

A belt of activity following the mountain ranges from Spain, Alps, Middle East, Himalayas to the East Indias and Pacific

100
Q

What is the lithiosphere?

A 
the surface layer of the Earth
composed of upper mantle and crust
always moving but very slowly
on average about 100km deep
*** fuelled by rising heat from mantle convection currents
101
Q

What does paleomagnetism create?

A
  • Alternating patterns of magnetism
  • Symmetrical polarity
  • Vine and Matthews 1963
102
Q

What does paleomagnetism result from?

A

The zone of magma striking or locking in the Earth’s magnetic polarity when it cools

103
Q

Daily eq’s in Japan?

A

2/3

104
Q

Tectonic hazard profile?

A

A technique used to compare the physical characteristics of different types of hazard events

  • Magnitude
  • Areal extent
  • Level of frequency
    = good in determining how effective management was
105
Q

Secondary hazards of EQs

A

Landslides

Soil liquefaction

106
Q

Magnitude?

A

Amount of movement/displacement in the fault
Amount of energy release
Measured @ epicentre

107
Q

Intensity?

A

A measure of ground shaking

108
Q

Why does ground shaking happen?

A

It is the brittle crust rebounding at either sides of the fracture

Hazards (1 decks)

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