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AUBF Lab (FINALS) > hCG & Amniotic Fluid > Flashcards

hCG & Amniotic Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of hCG?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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2
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 3 weeks of pregnancy?

A

5-50 mIU/mL

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3
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 17-24 weeks of pregnancy?

A

4,060-165,400 mIU/mL

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4
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 6 weeks of pregnancy?

A

1,080-56,500 mIU/mL

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5
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 4 weeks of pregnancy?

A

5-426 mIU/mL

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6
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 9-12 weeks of pregnancy?

A

25,700-288,000 mIU/mL

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7
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 25-40 weeks of pregnancy?

A

3,640–117,000 mIU/mL

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8
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 13-16 weeks of pregnancy?

A

13,300-254,000 mIU/mL

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9
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 7-8 weeks of pregnancy?

A

7,650-229,000 mIU/mL

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10
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 5 weeks of pregnancy?

A

18-7,340 mIU/mL

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11
Q

What do pregnancy tests detect in urine?

A

hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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12
Q

This is essential for the function of the corpus luteum

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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13
Q

This hormone is produced by the placenta from the time at which the embryo attaches to the uterine

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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14
Q

What is the structure that produces the hormone progesterone and estrogen?

A

corpus luteum

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15
Q

In a pregnancy test, hCG binds to?

A

mobile antibodies

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16
Q

hCG is detectable in urine as early as?

A

14 days or 2 weeks

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17
Q

What pregnancy test method is not commonly used nowadays?

A

Agglutination Inhibition Assay for hCG

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18
Q

Do not interpret the pregnancy test result for more than _____ because it might result to false positive

A

5 minutes

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19
Q

In later stages of fetal development the amniotic fluid can contain?

A

Fetal urine & fetal cells

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20
Q

Aside from providing a protective cushion for the fetus, what are the other functions of the amniotic fluid?

A
  • allows fetal movement
  • stabilizes temperature (to protect the fetus from extreme temperature changes)
  • exchange of nutrients, water, and chemical substances between the mother and fetus
  • permits proper lung development
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21
Q

In this condition there is excessive amniotic fluid accumulates in the uterus during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid volume is greater than 1200 mL

A

polyhydramnios

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22
Q

In this condition, there is too little amniotic fluid around the baby during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid volume is less than 800 mL

A

oligohydramnios

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23
Q

These are lung surfactants that serve as an index of fetal lung maturity

A

lecithin, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidyl glycerol

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24
Q

What hormone prevents the occurrence of menstruation?

A

Progesterone

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25
Q

What organ triggers the release of hCG?

A

Placenta

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26
Q

Found in the amnion, a membranous sac surrounding the fetus

A

Amniotic fluid

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27
Q

Normal volume of amniotic fluid

A

500 – 2500 mL term

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28
Q

Amniotic fluid is formed by?

A
  • Metabolism of fetal cells
  • Transfer of water across the placental membrane
  • Fetal urine (later stage of development)
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29
Q

Collection of amniotic fluid guided by ultrasound

A

Amniocentesis

30
Q

When collecting amniotic fluid it should be not more than _____ or it may cause premature labor or rapture membranes

A

20 mL

31
Q

In agglutination inhibition assay, if the reaction produces a visible clumping it is a?

A

negative reaction: not pregnant

32
Q

In agglutination inhibition assay, if the reaction produces no visible clumping it is a?

A

positive reaction: pregnant

33
Q

Since amniocentesis is not a routine test, what are the indications or basis for performing amniocentesis?

A
  • Suspected chromosomal abnormalities
  • Metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes)
  • Neural tube defects
  • HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn) where the blood of the mother and the fetus is
    incompatible
  • Determine gestational age
  • Infection (to determine genetic disorders)
  • Fetal maturity
34
Q

This test helps determine if the amniotic fluid is intact and is also used to differentiate amniotic fluid from cervical mucus in cases where amniotic fluid is suspected to be leaking

A

Fern test

35
Q

How do you differentiate cervical mucus and amniotic fluid in a fern test?

A

Amniotic fluid tends to produce a more delicate pattern, compared to a thick and wide arborization pattern seen in dried cervical mucus

36
Q

To test if premature birth is possible what tests should you do?

A

Gestational age (creatinine) and Fetal maturity (L/S ratio and Phosphatidyl glycerol)

37
Q

It is a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis

38
Q

Fluid for fetal lung maturity (FLM) tests should be placed in _____ for delivery to the laboratory and kept ______ until tested.

A

ice and refrigerated, respectively

39
Q

Specimens for bilirubin testing must be immediately protected from?

A

light

40
Q

How do you protect the amniotic fluid from light for bilirubin testing?

A

By placing the specimens in amber-colored tubes, wrapping the collection tube in foil, or using a black plastic cover for the specimen container

41
Q

Specimens for cytogenetics studies or microbial studies must be processed at ________ and maintained at _________.

A

room temperature and body temperature (37 degrees Celsius incubation), respectively

42
Q

Why do you have to keep the amniotic fluid for cytogenetic studies at room or body temperature?

A

To prolong the life of the cells needed for analysis

43
Q

What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is colorless?

A

Normal

44
Q

What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is dark green in color?

A

Meconium

45
Q

What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is blood-streaked?

A

traumatic-tap, abdominal trauma, intra-amniotic hemorrhage

46
Q

What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is yellow in color?

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn HDN)

47
Q

What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is dark red-brown in color?

A

Fetal death :’((

48
Q

Its presence in the amniotic fluid indicates that the baby is past due and needs to be delivered already

A

Meconium

49
Q

A lipid produced at a constant rate after about 26 weeks of gestation

A

Sphingomyelin

50
Q

A primary component of the surfactants that make up the alveolar lining and account for alveolar stability. Relatively low and constant rate until the 35th week of gestation

A

Lecithin

51
Q

L/S ratio of _____ indicates a safer delivery in terms of fetal maturity.

A

2.0

52
Q

Essential for adequate lung maturity and can
be detected after 35 weeks of gestation

A

Phosphatidyl glycerol

53
Q

This detects neural tube defects

A

Alpha fetal protein

54
Q

This is used to detect chromosomal
abnormalities and metabolic defects

A

Cytogenetic analysis

55
Q

The significance of this test is to detect hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Bilirubin scan

56
Q

What is the normal value of L/S ratio?

A

2.0

57
Q

What is the normal value of bilirubin scan?

A

0.025 mg/dl

58
Q

What is the normal value of creatinine?

A

1.3-4.0 mg/dl

59
Q

What is the normal value of Alpha fetal protein?

A

4.0 mg/dl

60
Q

What is the normal value of Phosphatidyl glycerol?

A

Present lang sha :”)

61
Q

This is no longer performed because there are more scientific tests (like L/S ratio and Phosphatidyl glycerol)

A

Foam test

62
Q

In the foam test, how many percent of ethanol do you add to the amniotic fluid?

A

95%

63
Q

In the foam test, how long do you shake the sample?

A

15 seconds (vigorous shaking)

64
Q

In the foam test, how long do you allow to sit the sample undisturbed?

A

15 minutes

65
Q

What do you observe in the foam test?

A

Presence of continuous line of bubbles around the outside edge

66
Q

Foam stability index

A

≥0.47 (indicates fetal lung maturity)

67
Q

These surfactants are found in the alveoli and assess fetal lung maturity

A

L/S ratio and Phosphatidyl glycerol

68
Q

This is also linked to early pregnancy symptoms such as nausea and vomiting

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

69
Q

The highest concentration of 95% ethanol that is able to support a ring of foam is known as?

A

Foam stability index

70
Q

This is also detected in the mother’s blood so performing amniocentesis is not necessary.

A

Alpha fetal protein

71
Q

These are biochemical substances in the amniotic fluid that can be tested to determine the health or maturity of the fetus

A

bilirubin, lipids, enyzmes, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, uric acid, proteins, and hormones

AUBF Lab (FINALS) (3 decks)

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