HCI Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
About what time was the field of HCI (as we know it now) created?
A
Late 1970s
2
Q
When was the Xerox Star launched?
A
1981
3
Q
When was the Nokia 3210 launched?
A
1999
4
Q
When was Wikipedia launched?
A
2001
5
Q
Attempting to understand how people discover and learn to use features in an interface is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems
A
Empirical problems
6
Q
Building a theory of what it means for users to feel immersed in virtual reality is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems
A
Conceptual problems
7
Q
Developing guidelines that help designers create accessible user interfaces is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems
A
Constructive problems
8
Q
Who found out that users don’t always have preconceived ‘plans’?
A
Suchman
9
Q
What was the name of the first publicly available digital computer?
A
ENIAC
10
Q
What was the name of Vannevar Bush’s famous essay from 1945?
A
“As we may think”
10
Q
Who wrote “As we may think”?
A
Vannevar Bush
11
Q
What principle did the Memex pioneer?
A
Interlinked documents
12
Q
Who envisioned the Memex?
A
Vannevar Bush
13
Q
When was the transistor invented?
A
1947
14
Q
For which computer was the first game, “Space War”, created?
A
DEC PDP-1
15
Q
Who invented “Sketchpad”?
A
Ivan Sutherland
16
Q
When was “the mother of all demos”?
A
1968
17
Q
Who did “the mother of all demos”?
A
Doug Engelbart
18
Q
Who did the first prototype of AR/VR?
A
Ivan Sutherland
19
Q
Who envisioned the Dynabook?
A
Alan Kay
20
Q
In relation to a GUI, the WIMP paradigm stands for?
A
Windows, Icons, Menu, Pointer
21
Q
What was the name of the first collaborative document editor from 1989?
A
GROVE
22
Q
What did Mark Weiser believe about the role of computers?
A
They should fade in the background and become part of our everyday lives
23
Q
Who invented the term “ubiquitous computing”?
A
Mark Weiser
24
When was JavaScript released?
1995
25
What is level 1 on Jonathan Grudin's chart of interface focus?
Interface as hardware
26
What is level 2 on Jonathan Grudin's chart of interface focus?
Interface as software
27
What is level 3 on Jonathan Grudin's chart of interface focus?
Interface as terminal
28
What is level 4 on Jonathan Grudin's chart of interface focus?
Interface as dialogue
29
What is level 5 on Jonathan Grudin's chart of interface focus?
Interface as work setting
30
What is a "Wizard of Oz" study?
An experimenter pretends to be a computer
31
When was the WIMP paradigm introduced?
1981 with the Xerox Star
32
When was the WWW invented?
1989
33
What 3 items make up the concept of perception?
- Sensory information
- Attention
- Expectation
34
In relation to perception, the task of telling whether a difference occurs in sensory stimulation is called what?
Discrimination
35
In relation to perception, the task of telling whether an event occurs (or not) in the environment is called what?
Detection
36
In relation to perception, the task of categorizing stimulus as something is called what?
Recognition
37
In relation to perception, the task of estimating a property of an object or event in the environment is called what?
Estimation
38
In relation to perception, the task of localizing an object of interest is called what?
Search
39
In relation to visual perception, which pathway computes the identity of objects?
The ventral pathway
40
In relation to visual perception, which pathway encodes the location of visual objects and actions related to them?
The dorsal pathway
41
In relation to visual perception, which pathway specializes in social processing?
The superior temporal sulcus
42
What type of photo receptors can perceive colors?
The cones
43
What type of photo receptors are most sensitive to light?
The rods
44
What type of photo receptors are faster?
The cones
45
The Gestalt principles describe what?
How humans perceive structure
46
What are the three central motor tasks?
- Target acquisition
- Simple reaction
- Choice reaction
47
What are the three types of target acquisition?
- Discrete aimed movements
- Continuous aimed movements
- Temporally constrained aimed movements
48
In relation to motor tasks, what is a simple
reaction?
Something appears on the display and the user must respond to it as quickly as possible
49
What is the Hick-Hyman Law related to?
Choice reaction
50
What is the Wickens cube related to?
Multitasking
51
What is the NASA TLX?
Task Load Index: a questionnaire for estimating cognitive load
52
How many items can be held in short term memory at a time? (range)
2-6
53
Memories which can be expressed in words are called what?
Declarative
54
Memories which cannot be expressed in words are called what?
Non-declarative
55
What is declarative memory?
Memories which can be expressed in words
56
What is non-declarative memory?
Memories which are not stored as words
57
What are Kahneman's 2 systems for decision-making in all humans?
1. Fast, driven by intuition, emotion and associative memory
2. Slow, monitors system 1 and intervenes
58
What's the name of the model that describes the human similar to a CPU?
Model Human Processor
59
What are the 3 subsystems of a human?
- Perceptual system
- Motor system
- Cognitive system
60
About how long is the Perceive-Recognize-Act cycle according to the Model Human Processor?
About 240ms
61
What is the Ratcliff model related to?
Simple reactions
62
What are the 5 elementary cognitive abilities?
- Control
- Memory
- Attention
- Reasoning
- Decision-making
63
What is cognitive control
The ability to direct thinking and action toward some goal
64
What does self-determination theory say about people's motivation compared to Maslow?
People are more motivated by maximizing positives than minimizing negatives
65
What are the 3 main needs in the self-determination theory?
- Autonomy
- Competence
- Relatedness
66
Whats the difference between hard controls and soft interfaces?
Hard controls use physical single-purpose inputs, while soft interfaces blend the input with the output
67
What type of indirect controller is a ThinkPad clitoris?
Isometric controller
68
What type of indirect controller is a mouse?
Isotonic controller
69
What type of indirect controller is a joystick?
Elastic controller
70
What is the preferred mapping of an isotonic controller?
Position
71
What is the preferred mapping of an isometric controller?
Velocity
72
What is control-display gain?
The ratio of mouse movement to cursor movement on the screen
73
What is the difference between interaction techniques and interaction tasks?
Tasks are the goals and techniques are the implementations
74
What are the 3 special types of modes in user interfaces?
- Temporal modes
- Spatial modes
- Quasi-modes
75
In order of most concrete to most abstract, what concepts does Schneiderman introduce to help inform interface design?
1. Guidelines
2. Principles
3. Theories
76
What are Schneiderman's 8 golden rules?
- Consistency
- Universal usability
- Feedback
- Dialogues
- Prevent errors
- Reversible actions
- Keep user in control
- Reduce short-term memory load
77
What are the 4 types of errors?
- Slip
- Lapse
- Rule-based mistake
- Knowledge-based mistake
78
What type of error is hitting the wrong button by mistake?
Slip
79
What type of error is forgetting to set the resolution of a video before export?
Lapse
80
What type of error is continuing to edit an online document even though the internet connection is lost?
Rule-based mistake
81
What type of error is not saving a file in a desktop application because the user is used to cloud-based app that autosave?
Knowledge-based mistake
82
What are Don Norman's 6 principles, minus the overlap with Schneiderman's (so 4)?
- Visibility
- Affordances
- Natural mapping
- Constraints
83
What are the 4 types of theories?
- Predictive
- Explanatory
- Descriptive
- Prescriptive
84
What type of theory is Fitts' law?
Predictive
85
What type of theory is the theory of four levels, which splits the analysis of an interface into the conceptual level, the semantic level, the syntactic level and the lexical level?
Descriptive
86
What type of theory provides frameworks for analysis?
Descriptive
87
What type of theory provides frameworks for analysis of failures?
Explanatory
88
What type of theory provides guidelines for implementors?
Prescriptive
89
What type of theory is the Gestalt theory?
Prescriptive
90
What are the NN/g's 5 visual-design principles?
- Scale
- Visual Hierarchy
- Balance
- Contrast
- Gestalt Principles
91
What is a metaphor in interface design?
Designing the interface to symbolically mimic something which the user already has experience with
92
What can be used to evaluate user satisfaction?
The System Usability Scale questionnaire
93
What are Schneiderman's 3 high-level design principles?
- Determine users' skill level
- Identify task
- Choose interaction style
94
What is an analytical evaluation method?
Comparing an interface to guidelines and theories without testing it on a user
95
What is an empirical evaluation method?
Testing the interface on an actual user
96
What is the type of evaluation method that compares an interface to a set of guidelines or theories?
Analytical evaluation
97
What is the type of evaluation that tests an interface on actual users?
Empirical evaluation
98
What type of evaluation is a think-aloud-study?
Empirical
99
Who created the most widely used set of evaluation heuristics?
Molich & Nielsen
100
What is an HEI evaluation?
Human Error Identification:
Identifying all possible routes the user can take, and looking for erroneous ones.
101
Cognitive walkthrough suffers from what?
- False positives
- False negatives
False negatives
102
What is a formative evaluation?
An evaluation done to inform the system's further design
103
What is a summative evaluation?
An evaluation done to measure an already finished product
104
What's the name of an evaluation done to inform a system's design?
A formative evaluation
105
What's the name of an evaluation done to measure an already finished product?
A summative evaluation
106
What type of experiment typically doesn't have a hypothesis?
An explorative experiment
107
What is the name of the type of experiment where each person is exposed to all levels of the independent variable?
Within-participant experiment
108
What is the name of the type of experiment where each person is only exposed to one level of the independent variable?
Between-participant experiment
109
What type of theory is activity-theory?
- Predictive
- Explanatory
- Descriptive
- Prescriptive
Descriptive
110
What is the scope of theory is activity-theory?
- Micro-HCI
- Macro-HCI
Macro-HCI
111
What era of HCI does activity theory relate to?
Modern
112
Why was activity theory introduced to HCI?
The field was lacking the language to talk about how computers influenced organizations beyond the individual level
113
In order from highest to lowest, what are the 3 levels in the structure of activity?
1. Activities
2. Actions
3. Operations
114
What is the name of the transformation from operation to action?
Conceptualization
115
What is the name of the transformation from action to operation?
Automatization
116
What is a contradiction in regards to activity theory?
Conflicting elements within or between activities that drives development
117
What is a level 1 contradiction?
Inner contradiction within a single element
118
What is a level 2 contradiction?
A contradiction between two elements
119
What is a level 3 contradiction?
A contradiction between the object of current activity, and a culturally more advanced one
120
What is a level 4 contradiction?
A contradiction between an element and the activity that produced it
121
What is the purpose of the human-artifact model?
Exposing contradictions between how an artifact expects to be used and how a user wants to use it
122
In JavaScript, given a DOM element, how do you access the next sibling which isn't a text node?
element.nextElementSibling
123
What does an event handler look like in JavaScript?
element.onevent = functionName
124
What does an event listener look like in JavaScript?
element.addEventListener("event", functionName)
125
In the order that they are run, what are the two phases of the JavaScript event flow?
1. Capture phase
2. Bubbling phase
126
What are the 3 "Responsive Web" techniques?
- Media queries
- Fluid grids
- Fluid images
127
What does WAI-ARIA stand for?
Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications
128
What is the difference between internationalization and localization?
Internationalization is the act of making it possible to adapt software to other cultures, whereas localization is the act of actually adapting it to a specific culture
129
What's the difference between the stroke model and the region model in 2D graphics?
The region model allows filling with color
130
Who named the 3 periods of HCI?
Rogers
