HCM 460- Section 4

Question 1

Nominal measurement

Answer 1

data that is classified into a number of discrete categories. Color, political party, gender, etc.

Question 2

Ordinal measurement

Answer 2

student classification, military rank. Consistent with direction, not the magnitude or strength

Question 3

Interval measurement

Answer 3

if the difference between values have meanings, the data are measured at the Interval sale. Temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius.

Question 4

Ratio measurement

Answer 4

data differences that are meaningful and relate to some true zero point and are on a continuous scale. Weight, height, age, Kelvins

Question 5

Dependent Variable

Answer 5

The outcome variable of research; dependent variables are observed for effects resulting from the influence of another factor, the independent variable(s)

Question 6

Independent Variable

Answer 6

A variable controlled by the researcher in an attempt to test the effects on some outcome, the dependent variable. Independent variables are also known as treatment variables owing to their manipulation and exposure to groups and individuals at the discretion of the researcher

Question 7

Correlation coefficients

Answer 7

It is an index of the strength of a relationship between two variables; it ranges in value from +1.00 to -1.00 and can be positive or negative.

Question 8

+-.8 to+-1.0

Answer 8

very strong relationship

Question 9

+-.6 to +-.8

Answer 9

strong relationship

Question 10

+-.4 to +-.6

Answer 10

moderate relationship

Question 11

+-.2 to +-.4

Answer 11

weak relationship

Question 12

+-.0 to +-.2

Answer 12

weak to no relationship

Question 13

Reliability

Answer 13

consist of both an observed score and a true score component. It occurs when a test measures the same thing more than once and the results in the same outcomes.

Question 14

Reliability formula

Answer 14

Reliability = True score / True score + Error score

Question 15

Validity

Answer 15

is the quality of test doing what it is designed to do. The test or instruments you are using actually measure what you need to have measured.

Question 16

Threats to Validity

Answer 16

Internal Validity- Since the comparison groups are non-equivalent , the major threat is selection; Other threats include mortality, and subject and experimenter reactive effects
External Validity- Selection and settings by treatment interaction

Question 17

Type I error

Answer 17

occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true; that is, H0 is wrongly rejected. Type I error is often considered to be more serious, and therefore more important to avoid, than type II error.

Question 18

Type II error

Answer 18

occurs when the null hypothesis H0, is not rejected when it is in fact false. A type II error is frequently due to sample sizes being too small.

Question 19

If Helen mistakenly accepts her null hypothesis when it should be rejected, what has occurred?
A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) Researcher bias
D) None

Answer 19

B) Type II error

Question 20

In a study of the effect of pleasure reading on vocabulary level, the vocabulary level is considered what type of variable?

Answer 20

Dependent variable

Question 21

How is the independent variable different from the dependent variable?
A) The independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the dependent variable
B) The independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the independent variable.
C) Dependent and independent variable are only used when researchers are not interested in looking at the effects of one thing on another, but only in how variables may be related.
D) The independent variable is a variable not include in the experiment but it is related to one of the variables in the experiment.

Answer 21

A) The independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the dependent variable

Question 22

What type of variable masks the true relationship between the independent and dependent variable?
A) Extraneous Variable
B) Moderator Variable
C) Control Variable
D) Neutral variable

Answer 22

B) Moderator Variable