HCROWD MID 1ST WK

Question 1

Major events range in focus from sport to entertainment and even cultural
gatherings.

Answer 1

Crowd Disasters

Question 2

A major cause of injury and death are

Answer 2

Slips, trips and falls

Question 3

Stumbling or loss of footing can lead to

Answer 3

Trampling

Question 4

A commonly held view of crowd disasters is the

Answer 4

Panic stampede

Question 5

asserts that a moving crowd mass of people has its own energy

Answer 5

John Fruin (1993)

Question 6

Its isWhen
that energy is impeded by obstacles or funneled into bottlenecks in a venue

Answer 6

Crowd rush

Question 7

The most common causes of crowd rush hazards are

Answer 7

Overcrowding and Crushing

Question 8

excessive numbers of people for the space available

Answer 8

Overcrowding

Question 9

pressing of a mass of people against a fixed solid subject.

Answer 9

Crushing

Question 10

These are a number of crowd actions that may contribute to the overcrowding
of crushing

Answer 10

*Surging
* Pushing
* Swaying
* Rushing

Question 11

a sudden spontaneous pressure wave of people in the same direction

Answer 11

Surging

Question 12

one or more individuals thrusting their way through a crowd

Answer 12

Pushing

Question 13

a lateral movement of a crowd

Answer 13

Swaying

Question 14

a running or rapid movement in one direction.

Answer 14

Rushing

Question 15

is described as enormous physical forces that occur when
people are packed so tightly that their bodies are touching.

Answer 15

Crowd turbulence

Question 16

Crowd turbulence begins usually at an accumulation of more than 5 persons per square meter. T or F

Answer 16

FALSE (3)

Question 17

Because the sensations are a little bit like an earthquake, Crowd turbulence also called?

Answer 17

crowd quake.

Question 18

Key criteria which may jointly characterize a crowd include:

Answer 18

Size
Density
Time
Collectively

Question 19

to be considered a crowd, there must be a sizeable number of people

Answer 19

Size

Question 20

crowd members must be co-located in a particular area with a sufficient but safe,
density distribution.

Answer 20

Density

Question 21

some large gatherings of people, such as those inside an auditorium are relatively
stable in membership for the duration of a prolonged event.

Answer 21

Time

Question 22

in order to be considered a crown, individuals come together as a group, in a
specific location for a specific purpose, for a measurable amount of time.

Answer 22

Collectively

Question 23

four types of crowd

Answer 23

Casual Crowds
Conventional Crowds
Expressive Crowds
Aggressive or Hostile Crowds

Question 24

ones which are not organized or unified, but comprise individuals who are
simple in the same place at the same time.

Answer 24

Casual Crowds

Question 25

ones which are gathered for a specific purpose or to observe a specific event, with crowd members who share common interests.

Answer 25

Conventional Crowds

Question 26

ones with members who are involved in some form of expressive behavior, although not in a destructive way, for instance, dancing or signing.

Answer 26

Expressive Crowds

Question 27

the pervading atmosphere or tone of a venue or site.

Answer 27

“crowd mood”

Question 28

The crowd mood can be influence

Answer 28

The environment The event The crowd itself

Question 29

proposed that individuals, when submerged as individuals with responsibility for their own actions, but instead become anonymous members of a group.

Answer 29

Group Mind Theory

Question 30

describes the process whereby there is a loss of a sense of a socialized individual self- awareness and evaluation apprehension in crowd situations that foster anonymity and susceptibility to external cues and to the crows’ motives and emotions.

Answer 30

Deindividuation

Question 31

offers an explanation for a crowd’s ability to spontaneously behave in a socially coherent manner without any apparent pre- planning, communication or direction

Answer 31

social identity model

Question 32

four primary factors which can raise the probability of crowd disasters occurring

Answer 32

1. Increased force 2. Lack of information 3. Space 4. Time

Question 33

This element is considered in two ways when analyzing crowd effects.

Answer 33

Space

Question 34

average area per person that occurs in uncontrolled crowds.

Answer 34

critical density

Question 35

type of pedestrian facility involved.

Answer 35

particular architectural configuration

Question 36

In unfamiliar surroundings, or unfamiliar circumstances, people will behave differently; for instance, stopping, and starting more frequently, moving more slowly, and relying heavily on signage and ushering.

Answer 36

Crowd Flow

Question 37

usually preferring the fastest route.

Answer 37

“least effort”

Question 38

If alternative routes are of the same length, individuals choose to take the one which offers the straightest route, that with the least changes in direction.

Answer 38

“law of minimal change”

Question 39

occur when densely packed crowds push forward towards a narrow door, gate or alleyway

Answer 39

Crowd jam

Question 40

Following the choice of site or venue for an event, an immediate task is to assess the hazards the venue or site may have, its estimated audience, and the production equipment and process its program will require.

Answer 40

Safe Site Design

Question 41

In outdoor settings, control of rodents, snakes, spiders, mosquitoes and insects of significance to public health must be addressed

Answer 41

Environmental Hazards

Question 42

A key site planning consideration is to ensure there is a clear separation between the movement of the audience and the suppliers of event services. Therefore, attention must be given to the provision of separated entrances and parking arrangements for suppliers, staff and performers isolated from those used by the audience

Answer 42

Separation Issues

Question 43

the roadways, parking and gates into and out of the event enclosure

Answer 43

Public

Question 44

entrances and exit in constant use throughout the event by service providers, contractors and stall holders.

Answer 44

Service

Question 45

access for staff, security, performers, and VIPs to the backstage and green room area

Answer 45

Backstage

Question 46

clear unimpeded roadways for the rapid ingress and egress of emergency vehicles to emergency service locations on the site.

Answer 46

Emergency

Question 47

A key safety element is the use of signage to communicate information and instruction to both the event attendees and staff.

Answer 47

Event Signage

Question 48

seven types of signage used at an event

Answer 48

External to the venue Internal directional and identification signs Statutory emergency signage Hazard warnings Information signs Sponsorship and advertising signs General signs

Question 49

are polyethylene composition containers that are light and easy to move into position, but when filled with water are able to withstand low speed vehicle impacts

Answer 49

Water-filled barriers

Question 50

often covered with opaque plastic or cloth to give an impression of solidity.

Answer 50

Fences

Question 51

provides an obvious means of deterrence as well as detection, but take into account the impact of additional lighting on the neighbors.

Answer 51

External lighting

Question 52

are required to provide essential information at “decision points” – locations where attendees make choices or require direction.

Answer 52

Sign

Question 53

are needed to provide adequate lighting in case of blackout

Answer 53

Back-up generators

Question 54

One of the most hazardous items of equipment commonly located in areas of the event accessed by the public are those that supply power to site

Answer 54

Power Supply

Question 55

There is an obligation to provide treatment for non-life threatening but distressing injuries suffered by attendees, staff and service providers.

Answer 55

On-site First Aid – Emergency Medical Aid

Question 56

involves ensuring that crowd do not block entrances, exits or pedestrian flows, and organizing how the crowd is going to be distributed inside the venue.

Answer 56

Crowd management and control