head 1 and 2 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
Layer of scalp with good lymph drainage
A
Skin
2
Q
Layer of scalp with good supply of cutaneous nerve
A
Connective tissue
3
Q
Layer of scalp with many potential spaces that can fill with fluid from injury/infection
A
Loose connective tissue
4
Q
Importance of anterior fontanelle
A
Diamond shaped, closes by 18 months
Palpating this area can determine HR, ICP, and degree of hydration
5
Q
Triangular shaped fontanelle
A
Posterior fontanelle
6
Q
Accounts for half the cases of craniosynostosis and does not produce abnormal neuro development
A
Scaphocephaly (sagittal suture, “boat”)
7
Q
Premature closure of the coronral or lambdoidal suture
A
Plagiocephaly “slanted”
8
Q
More common in females, results in a tower shaped skull
A
Oxycephaly (coronal suture, “pointed”)
9
Q
Tx of craniosynostosis
A
Helmit if suture is not fused
10
Q
Bones of orbit of eye
A
Zygomatic Palatine Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxilla Lacrimal Frontal
11
Q
What bone are the superior, middle, and inferior conchae from?
A
Superior and middle –> ethmoid
Inferior –> palatine
12
Q
Bone that makes up part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities and part of the floor of the orbit
A
Maxillae
13
Q
Two maxillae meet in the middle to form this
A
Intermaxillary suture
14
Q
Where you would give a nerve block during facial laceration repair
A
Infraorbital foramen
15
Q
Carries upper teeth
A
alveolar arch
16
Q
Parts of zygomatic arch
A
maxilla and zygomatic process of the temporal bone
17
Q
Fracture that crosses bony septum and pterygoid plates of sphenoid. “floating plate”
A
LeFort I
18
Q
Fracture that separates central part of the face from the skull. “Floating maxilla”
A
LeFort II
19
Q
Fracture that goes horizontally through superior orbital fissures, separates maxilla and zygomatic bones from rest of skull. “floating face”
A
LeFort III
20
Q
Fracture that is most likely to result in facial numbness from injury of infraorbital nerve
A
LeFort II “Floating maxilla”
21
Q
Thinnest part of the lateral wall of the skull that overlies anterior division of the middle meningeal artery
A
Pterion
22
Q
What condition are we concerned about the middle meningeal artery with?
A
Epidural hematoma
23
Q
Bones that form the occiput
A
Occipital, parietal, temporal
24
Q
Inion
A
External occipital protuberance
25
What structures pass through the foramen magnum?
```
Spinal cord
Meninges
Vertebral areries
A + P spinal arteries
Spinal branches of accessory nerve (CN 11)
```
26
Most superior part of the skull near the midpoint of the sagittal suture
Vertex
27
Landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures
Bregma
28
junction of sagittal and lamboidal sutures
Lambda
29
Bones that form the hard palate
Maxilla
Palatine
Above posterior edge are choanae, separated by vomer and bound by sphenoid (medial pterygoid plates)
30
Structures that pass through jugular foramen
Internal jugular vein
| Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11
31
Structures that pass through the internal acoustic meatus
Cranial nerves 7 and 8 (facial and vestibulocochlear)
32
Structures that pass through stylomastoid foramen
Cranial nerve 7 (facial) and stylomastoid artery
33
structures in anterior cranial fossa
frontal lobes
crista galli (cock's comb)
Olfactory nerve
34
Structures of middle cranial fossa
Temporal lobes
Optic canal (optic nerve and opthalmic artery)
Sella turcica
35
Horn of the saddle
Tuberculum sella
36
Where pituitary gland sits
Hypophyseal fossa
37
Back of the saddle, makes posterior clinoid process
Dorsum sellae
38
Tentorium cerebelli attaches here
sella turcica
39
Connects pituitary to hypothalamus
Infundibulum
40
Anterior lobe of pituitary
Adenohypophysis
41
Posterior lobe of the pituitary
neruohypophysis
42
Route for pituitary surgery
Transsphenoidal (endonasal route)
43
Where is the optic chiasm in relation to the pituitary?
superior
44
Lateral to pituitary gland are what strucutres?
Cavernous sinus, which contains
| CN 3, CN 4, CN 5, CN 6 and internal carotid artery
45
Structures in cavernous sinus
CN 3-6, internal carotid artery
46
Structures that pass through the superior orbital fissure
CN 2, 3, 4, 6 (just not trigeminal) and opthalmic VEIN
47
Where does the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve pass through? What does it supply?
Foramen rotundum
| Skin, teeth, cheek mucosa
48
Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve pass through?
Foramen ovale
49
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
50
What passes OVER the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery
51
"battle signs", "raccoon's eyes", clear fluid/blood from external ear canal/nose, and hemotympanum are signs of what?
basilar skull fracture (cranial base fx)
52
Shallowest and deepest cranial fossa
Shallow: anterior
Deep: Posterior
53
Structures in the posterior cranial fossa
```
hind brain (cerebellu, pons, medulla)
Jugular foramen (CN 9.10.11)
Internal acoustic meatus (CN7,8)
```
54
Where does the sigmoid sinus leave the skull to become the internal jugular vein?
Posterior cranial fossa
55
what lies between the periosteal and meningeal layer of the dura mater?
Dural venous sinuses
56
What do dural venous sinuses do?
Collect venous drainage and CSF and drain to internal jugular vein
57
Which meninge has direct communication with the 4th ventricle via Foramen of Magendie and the paired foramen of Luschka?
Subarachnoid space
58
Which layer gives rise to the falx cerebri?
Pia mater
59
Where is CSF produced?
Choroid plexus, in lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricl.es
60
Leptomeninges
Arachnoid and pia mater. Both composed of loose CT
61
separates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemisphere.
Tentorium cerebelli
62
Allows communication between cerebellum and cerebral hemisphere
Tentorial incisure
63
Separates cerebellar hemispheres
Falx cerebelli
64
Dura mater blood supply
Middle meningeal artery
65
Blood supply of pituitary
Branches of internal carotid artery
| Sup. and Iinf. hypophyseal artery
66
Which hormone stimulates spermatogenesis and follicle growth?
FSH
67
Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
LH
68
Which sinuses become the sigmoid sinuses?
Transverse sinuses
69
Which sinuses become the internal jugular veins?
sigmoid sinuses
70
Right transverse sinus is also made of what?
Superior sagittal sinus
71
Straight sinus is made of what?
Union of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein (junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli)
72
Left transverse sinus is a continuation of what?
straight sinus
73
What goes into the cavernous sinus?
Inferior ophthlamic vein and central vein of the retina
74
Where does the cavernous sinus drain?
Transverse sinus
75
What travels through the sella turcica connecting the two cavernous sinuses?
Internal carotid artery
CN 3-6
Hypophysis cerebri
Veins of the face
76
How can a sinus infection spread to the CNS if left untreated?
Through facial vein (NO VALVES) and inferior ophthalmic vein which drain into the cavernous sinus
77
"vowels" of bleeding in the head
Epidural
Arterial, oval, interval (lucid)
Middle meningeal artery
78
"consonants" of bleeding in the head
Subdural
Venous, crescent, shearing force
Emissary veins usually affected
79
Amorphous appearance in brain bleed
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
80
Fracture of jaw
Usually involves 2 fractures on opposing sides
| Usually in region of opposite canine tooth
81
Nerve supply of muscles involved in mastication
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
82
Muscles that elevate the mandible
Medial pterygoid, anterior temporalis, masseter
83
Muscle that acts to protrude the jaw
lateral pterygoid
84
Retraction of jaw
Posterior temporalis
85
Depression of jaw
gravity, platysma
86
What nerve supplies periorbital structures?
Facial nerve
87
Pulls the eyes closed taught
orbital part of orbicularis oculi
88
Closes the eyelids gently
Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi
89
Empties tears from lacrimal sac
Lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi
90
Pulls eyebrows medially
Corrugator supercilli
91
Moves scalp on skull, raises eyebrows, furrows the forehead
Occipitofrontalis
92
Wrinkles skin at root of nose (for nasal breathers)
Procerus
93
Sphincter muscle of lips
Oricularis Oris
94
Dilator of lips
Levator labii superioris, levator labii inferioris, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, levator angulii oris, risorius muscle
95
Compresses cheeks and lips against teeth preventing it from folding and being injured during chewing
Buccinatior
96
"Dicke turtleneck"
platysma
97
Most common location for facial nerve to be affected
Stylomastoid foramen
98
Lower lid everts, difficulty chewing, drooping of mouth are characteristic of what?
Injury to facial nerve
99
Food gets stuck in corners of mouth, dribbles out. What muscles are affected?
buccinator and orbicularis oris
100
Pt presents with sudden attacks of excruciating lightening like jabs of facial pain that last 15 minutes. What is this called and what nerve is affected?
```
Trigeminal neuralgia "Tic douloureux)
Maxillary nerve (V2) most commonly involved.
```
101
Branches of facial nerve
```
Tell Ziggy Bob Marley Called
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
```
102
Branch of facial nerve that supplies occipitofrontalis and superior part of orbicularis oculi, as well as auricularis
Temporal branch
103
Branch of facial nerve that supplies inferior part of orbicularis oculi. Injury here causes ectropion, corneal ulcer
Zygomatic branch
104
Branch of facial nerve that supplies buccinator and upper part of orbicularis oris and levator labii. Lesion prevents emptying of food from the vestibule of cheek
Buccal branch
105
Branch of facial nerve that supplies risorius and muscles of lower lip and chin. Paralysis causes drooping of the mouth
Mandibular branch
106
Branch of facial nerve that supplies the platysma
Cervical branch
107
Vascular supply to right side of head
Brachiocephalic trunk to
| Right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
108
External carotid artery in order from inferior to superior
| Some Ladies Find Makeup Stupid
```
Superior thyroid
Linugal
Facial
Maxillary (middle meningeal)
Superficial temporal (major supply to scalp)
```
109
Vascular supply of left side of head
Left common carotid and left subclavian artery directly off the aorta. The rest follows the same as the right side
110
Trauma to the orbital walls causing fracture and displacement. What's it called and what should you assess for?
"blowout fracture"
EOMs
Exophthalmos
Hyphema
111
What travels through the superior orbital fissure?
CN 3,4,5 (V1),6 and superior ophthlamic vein
112
What travels through the inferior orbital fissure?
CN 5 (V2, maxillary), and inferior ophthalmic vein
113
What passes through the optic canal?
Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
114
What cranial nerve supplies lateral rectus?
6
115
What cranial nerve supplies superior oblique?
4
116
What nerve supplies all eye muscles besides lateral rectus and superior oblique?
3
117
Paralysis of EOM results in what?
diplopia
118
What EOM allows incyclotorsion?
```
Superior oblique
(cornea looks downward and medial)
```
119
What EOM allows excyclotorsion?
Inferior oblique
| cornea looks upward and lateral
120
Provides converging power for the eye, main refractive surface of eye.
Cornea
121
Area of sclera that is pierced by the nerve fibers of the optic nerve
Lamina cribrosa
122
Where sclera is directly continuous with the cornea
limbus
123
Blood supply to outer retina is from this
choroid
124
Changes shape of lens, secretes aqueous humor to fill anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
Ciliary body (sp. muscles and processes)
125
"blind spot" of the eye
optic disk; contains nerve fibers but no photoreceptors
126
Area of most acute vision
Fovea centralis (found in the macula)
127
What nerve allows accomodation of the lens?
CN 8
128
Cranial nerve that dilates pipil
CN2 (sympathetic control)
129
Cranial nerve that constricts pupil
CN 3 (parasympathetic control)
130
First sign of compression of CN3 (oculomotor) is what?
ipsilateral slowness of pupillary response to light
131
Where does the aqueous humor drain into?
Canal of Schlem
132
Circulation of aqeuous humor in the eye
Posterior chamber --> pupil --> anterior chamber --> canal of Schlemm --> venous system
133
Thickened structure at the lid margins to form the tarsal plates.
Ortibal septum
134
The orbital septum is thickened at the lid margins to form the ______.
Tarsal plates
135
Why does your nose run when you cry?
Tears enter lacrimal sac in upper end of nasolacrimal duct, which enters inferior meatus of the nose
136
Curved tube about 1 inch long that leads from auricle to TM.
External Auditory meatus
137
Middle ear is also known as...?
tympanic cavity
138
Located at the depth of the depression of the tympanic membrane
Umbo (can see cone of light)
139
Footplate of stapes contacts cochlea at _______.
oval window
140
What does the stapedius muscle do and what happens if it's injured? Innervation?
dampens down vibrations of stapes
Hyperacusis
Facial nerve CN7
141
Contraction reduces sound pressure and transmission by dampening movement of ossicular chain. Muscle and innervation
Tensor tympani muscle
| CV mandibular branch (V3)
142
Muscles that open the auditory/Eustachian tube
Soft palate muscles:
Levator veli palatine
Tensor veli palatine
143
Reception of sound and maintenance of balance
Vestibulocochlear organ
144
Contains endolymph
Membranous labyrinth
145
Contains perilymph
Bony labyrinth
146
Tx of external ear injury
Aspiration to avoid cauliflower ear
147
Pt has untreated middle ear infection. What can it cause and where can it spread?
Mastoiditis
| Dural venous sinuses
148
Each nasal cavity extends from the nostril int eh front to the ______ behind
Choanae
149
Superior meatus lies (above, below) superior concha
Below
150
Where does the maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, and anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses drain?
Middle meatus
151
Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?
Inferior meatus
152
What is "Kiesselbach's area"
Anterior third of the nose where someone is most likely to have a nosebleed
153
What does a nosebleed increase your chances for?
meningitis
154
Where do sphenoidal sinuses drain?
Sphenoethmoidal recess above superior conchae
155
Where do posterior ethmoidal sinuses drain to?
Superior meatus
156
Infection of the ethmoidal cells
Sinusitis
157
What can result from bacteria from sinusitis breaking through the thin plate between ethmoid and orbit?
Blindness or optic neuritis
158
What sinuses are most commonly infected?
Maxillary. Ostia here do not drain well.
159
What symptom do people with maxillary sinus infections often complain of?
toothache
160
How many teeth do children have? Adults?
20 deciduous teeth
| 32 secondary teeth
161
What type of muscle is the tongue?
striated
162
Where are different flavors detected on the tongue?
Sweetness: tip
Saltiness: Lateral margins
Bitterness: Posterior part
163
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue (after its shape)
Longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
164
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue (after position)
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
165
Pts tongue is noted to fall posteriorly. You are worried about their airway becoming obstructed. What muscle is damaged?
genioglossus
166
Pts tongue is paralyzed and one side is atrophied. What muscle is affected?
hyoglossus
167
Retracts and draws tongue up to create trough for swallowing
Styloglossus (swallow "s)
168
Elevates posterior part and is related to the gag reflex. Muscle and innervation
Palatoglossus afferent of CN9 and efferent of CNX (vagus)
| puke "p"
169
Tx of being "tongue tied"
frenectomy
