Head

Question 1

What muscle overlies the head and neck? What innervates it?

Answer 1

Platysma

Mainly facial nerve CN VII

Question 2

What is the snarling muscle? What is its function?

Answer 2

Zygomaticus

Lifts upper lip

Question 3

How many ear muscles are there? Give an example of one and its function

Answer 3

Parotidoauricularis

Ear depressor

Question 4

What way do fibres of the buccinator run? Why are they more pronounced in a horse?

Answer 4

Vertical

Horse has more movement of food bolus in cheek

Question 5

The facial vein runs under which muscle?

Answer 5

Masseter

Question 6

The external jugular splits into what two main veins?

Answer 6

Maxillary

Linguofacial (becomes lingual, then facial)

Question 7

What lymphs are visible on the superficial head?

Answer 7

Mandibular lymph nodes

Parotid lymph nodes

Question 8

What are the salivary glands in the dog?

Answer 8

Parotid
Zygomtic
Mandibular
Sublingual

Question 9

The dorsal buccal gland is equivalent to what gland in carnivores?

Answer 9

Zygomatic

Question 10

The parotid salivary gland opens into the mouth where?

Answer 10

Upper premolar 4 (carnassial)

Question 11

Which salivary ducts run together?

Answer 11

Mandibular and sublingual ducts

Question 12

Where do the mandibular and sublingual ducts open into the mouth?

Answer 12

Sublingual caruncles (small papillae)
Rostral end of frenulum

Question 13

What are the 2 parts to the sublingual gland?

Answer 13

Monstomatic - open on sublingual caruncles

Polystomatic - secrete directly into oral cavity

Question 14

How many ducts make up the zygomatic salivary ducts?

Answer 14

5

One major, up to 4 minor

Question 15

Which species have the zygomatic gland? Where does it open into the mouth?

Answer 15

Carnivores only (others have dorsal buccal gland)
Near last upper molar

Question 16

Why is the facial nerve very important (3 reasons)

Answer 16

Very superficial
Near important structures - can be damaged by vet
Passes through middle ear

Question 17

Which branch of the facial nerve still operates during facial paralysis? What clinical signs would you expect to be presented?

Answer 17

Great auricular branch of C2

Ear pulled back

Question 18

Which branch of the facial nerve passes over the masseter?

Answer 18

Dorsal buccal

Question 19

Where is the temporals muscle located? Where does it inset?

Answer 19

Temporal fossa

Inserts on vertical ramus of mandible

Question 20

Where does the master arise from?

Answer 20

Ventral zygomatic arch

Question 21

Which muscles are found on the inner aspect of the mandible?

Answer 21

Ptyergoids

Question 22

Which muscle is found on the ventral aspect of the jaw? What is its function?

Answer 22

Digastricus

Jaw opening

Question 23

Where does the digastrics originate and insert?

Answer 23

Originate from jugular process

Inset onto ventral caudal mandible

Question 24

What innervates the digastrics?

Answer 24

Dual innervation:
Rostral end by mandibular of trigeminal
Caudal end by facial

Question 25

The motor function of the tongue muscles are supplied by which nerve?

Answer 25

Hypoglossal (CN XII)

Question 26

The sensory and taste function of the tongue is supplied by which nerves?

Answer 26

Sensory - rostral 2/3 = lingual branch of trigeminal Taste - rostral 2/3 = chorda tympani of facial Sensory and taste - caudal 1/3 = glossopharyngeal (some vagus too)

Question 27

What nerve innervates the obicularis oculi? What is its function?

Answer 27

Facial | Eye closing

Question 28

What muscle is found above and medial to the eye?

Answer 28

Superciliaris

Question 29

Where is the lacrimal gland located? What may it look similar to, and be confused for?

Answer 29

Lateral, dorsal eye | Parotid

Question 30

What innervates the lacrimal gland? Which ganglia does it go via? Where does it go onto?

Answer 30

Autonomic efferents from facial nerve Via pterygopalatine ganglion Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

Question 31

How does sympathetic supply travel to the lacrimal gland? What ganglion does this come from?

Answer 31

Runs along with blood vessels | From cranial cervical ganglion

Question 32

Where is the third eyelid/nictating membrane located at rest? What supports it?

Answer 32

Medial canthus of eye | T-shaped cartilage supporting fold of conjunctiva

Question 33

What causes the nicitating membrane to slide over cornea? What causes it return to its original position?

Answer 33

Retractor bulbi muscle | Smooth muscle within nicitating membrane contracts

Question 34

What type of nerves innervate the smooth muscle of the nicitating membrane? Where do these fibres run that makes them susceptible to damage?

Answer 34

Symathetic nerves | Middle ear

Question 35

What arteries supply the head?

Answer 35

Common carotid artery | Vertebral artery

Question 36

What runs through the carotid sheath?

Answer 36

Common carotid artery Internal jugular Vagosympathetic trunk

Question 37

The vertebral artery and common carotid supply the head. Where does the vertebral artery run through in the vertebrae?

Answer 37

Transverse foramina

Question 38

What are 4 muscles of the tongue and hyoid?

Answer 38

Sternohyoid Styloglossus Geniohyoid Genioglossus

Question 39

What epithelium lines the tongue? Is the epithelium the same thickness on the tongue?

Answer 39

Stratified, squamous, keratinised epithelium | Thinner ventrally

Question 40

The dorsal surface of the tongue is covered by papillae. Which ones divide the rostral two thirds and caudal third of the tongue?

Answer 40

Vallate papillae

Question 41

What type of fibres make up the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 41

Somatic efferents from somites

Question 42

Muscles of the pharynx are involved in swallowing. What innervates them? Which muscle is the exception?

Answer 42

Arch 4 of vagus | Stylopharyngeus - innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (arch 3)

Question 43

Which muscle is the only dilator of the pharynx?

Answer 43

Glossopharyngeal

Question 44

Which muscles are the constrictors of the pharynx? (4)

Answer 44

Pterygopharyngeus Hyopharyngeus Cricopharyngeus Thyropharyngeus

Question 45

Which muscles shorten the pharynx? (2)

Answer 45

Palatopharyngeus | Pterygopharyngeus

Question 46

What are the 4 muscles of the soft palate? What nerves innervate them?

Answer 46

Palatinus -Vagus and accessory Levator veli palatini - vagus and accessory Tensor veli palatini - mandibular of trigeminal Palatopharyngeus - vagus and accessory

Question 47

What do the 4 muscles of the soft palate do?

Answer 47

Palatinus - shorten soft palate Levator veli palatini - elevates palate Tensor veli palatani - tenses plalate Palatopharyngeus - elevates palate and closes pharygopalatine arch

Question 48

What are the 4 main cartilages of the larynx? They are all unpaired, expect which one?

Answer 48

Thyroid Epiglottis Arytenoid - paired Cricoid

Question 49

What are the 5 bones of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 49

``` Stylohyoid Epihyoid Keratohyoid Basihyoid Thyrohyoid ```

Question 50

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 50

Suspend the tongue and larynx from the base of the skull

Question 51

What dose the hyoid apparatus articulate with dorsally and ventrally?

Answer 51

Dorsal - temporal bone | Ventral - larynx

Question 52

What superficial muscle is found near the nasal bone on the horse?

Answer 52

Levator nasolabialis

Question 53

What passes through the infraorbital foramen? What is this a branch of?

Answer 53

Infraorbital nerve | Maxillary trigeminal

Question 54

What runs through the mental foramen? What is this a branch of?

Answer 54

Mental nerve | Branch of mandibular trigeminal

Question 55

What muscle is found near where the canines would be located in a horse?

Answer 55

Caninus