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Head Flashcards

1
Q

What muscle overlies the head and neck? What innervates it?

A

Platysma

Mainly facial nerve CN VII

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2
Q

What is the snarling muscle? What is its function?

A

Zygomaticus

Lifts upper lip

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3
Q

How many ear muscles are there? Give an example of one and its function

A

Parotidoauricularis

Ear depressor

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4
Q

What way do fibres of the buccinator run? Why are they more pronounced in a horse?

A

Vertical

Horse has more movement of food bolus in cheek

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5
Q

The facial vein runs under which muscle?

A

Masseter

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6
Q

The external jugular splits into what two main veins?

A

Maxillary

Linguofacial (becomes lingual, then facial)

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7
Q

What lymphs are visible on the superficial head?

A

Mandibular lymph nodes

Parotid lymph nodes

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8
Q

What are the salivary glands in the dog?

A

Parotid
Zygomtic
Mandibular
Sublingual

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9
Q

The dorsal buccal gland is equivalent to what gland in carnivores?

A

Zygomatic

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10
Q

The parotid salivary gland opens into the mouth where?

A

Upper premolar 4 (carnassial)

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11
Q

Which salivary ducts run together?

A

Mandibular and sublingual ducts

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12
Q

Where do the mandibular and sublingual ducts open into the mouth?

A 
Sublingual caruncles (small papillae)
Rostral end of frenulum
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13
Q

What are the 2 parts to the sublingual gland?

A

Monstomatic - open on sublingual caruncles

Polystomatic - secrete directly into oral cavity

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14
Q

How many ducts make up the zygomatic salivary ducts?

A

5

One major, up to 4 minor

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15
Q

Which species have the zygomatic gland? Where does it open into the mouth?

A 
Carnivores only (others have dorsal buccal gland)
Near last upper molar
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16
Q

Why is the facial nerve very important (3 reasons)

A

Very superficial
Near important structures - can be damaged by vet
Passes through middle ear

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17
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve still operates during facial paralysis? What clinical signs would you expect to be presented?

A

Great auricular branch of C2

Ear pulled back

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18
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve passes over the masseter?

A

Dorsal buccal

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19
Q

Where is the temporals muscle located? Where does it inset?

A

Temporal fossa

Inserts on vertical ramus of mandible

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20
Q

Where does the master arise from?

A

Ventral zygomatic arch

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21
Q

Which muscles are found on the inner aspect of the mandible?

A

Ptyergoids

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22
Q

Which muscle is found on the ventral aspect of the jaw? What is its function?

A

Digastricus

Jaw opening

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23
Q

Where does the digastrics originate and insert?

A

Originate from jugular process

Inset onto ventral caudal mandible

24
Q

What innervates the digastrics?

A

Dual innervation:
Rostral end by mandibular of trigeminal
Caudal end by facial

25
Q

The motor function of the tongue muscles are supplied by which nerve?

A

Hypoglossal (CN XII)

26
Q

The sensory and taste function of the tongue is supplied by which nerves?

A

Sensory - rostral 2/3 = lingual branch of trigeminal
Taste - rostral 2/3 = chorda tympani of facial
Sensory and taste - caudal 1/3 = glossopharyngeal (some vagus too)

27
Q

What nerve innervates the obicularis oculi? What is its function?

A

Facial

Eye closing

28
Q

What muscle is found above and medial to the eye?

A

Superciliaris

29
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located? What may it look similar to, and be confused for?

A

Lateral, dorsal eye

Parotid

30
Q

What innervates the lacrimal gland? Which ganglia does it go via? Where does it go onto?

A

Autonomic efferents from facial nerve
Via pterygopalatine ganglion
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

31
Q

How does sympathetic supply travel to the lacrimal gland? What ganglion does this come from?

A

Runs along with blood vessels

From cranial cervical ganglion

32
Q

Where is the third eyelid/nictating membrane located at rest? What supports it?

A

Medial canthus of eye

T-shaped cartilage supporting fold of conjunctiva

33
Q

What causes the nicitating membrane to slide over cornea? What causes it return to its original position?

A

Retractor bulbi muscle

Smooth muscle within nicitating membrane contracts

34
Q

What type of nerves innervate the smooth muscle of the nicitating membrane? Where do these fibres run that makes them susceptible to damage?

A

Symathetic nerves

Middle ear

35
Q

What arteries supply the head?

A

Common carotid artery

Vertebral artery

36
Q

What runs through the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular
Vagosympathetic trunk

37
Q

The vertebral artery and common carotid supply the head. Where does the vertebral artery run through in the vertebrae?

A

Transverse foramina

38
Q

What are 4 muscles of the tongue and hyoid?

A

Sternohyoid
Styloglossus
Geniohyoid
Genioglossus

39
Q

What epithelium lines the tongue? Is the epithelium the same thickness on the tongue?

A

Stratified, squamous, keratinised epithelium

Thinner ventrally

40
Q

The dorsal surface of the tongue is covered by papillae. Which ones divide the rostral two thirds and caudal third of the tongue?

A

Vallate papillae

41
Q

What type of fibres make up the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Somatic efferents from somites

42
Q

Muscles of the pharynx are involved in swallowing. What innervates them? Which muscle is the exception?

A

Arch 4 of vagus

Stylopharyngeus - innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (arch 3)

43
Q

Which muscle is the only dilator of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal

44
Q

Which muscles are the constrictors of the pharynx? (4)

A

Pterygopharyngeus
Hyopharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus

45
Q

Which muscles shorten the pharynx? (2)

A

Palatopharyngeus

Pterygopharyngeus

46
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the soft palate? What nerves innervate them?

A

Palatinus -Vagus and accessory
Levator veli palatini - vagus and accessory
Tensor veli palatini - mandibular of trigeminal
Palatopharyngeus - vagus and accessory

47
Q

What do the 4 muscles of the soft palate do?

A

Palatinus - shorten soft palate
Levator veli palatini - elevates palate
Tensor veli palatani - tenses plalate
Palatopharyngeus - elevates palate and closes pharygopalatine arch

48
Q

What are the 4 main cartilages of the larynx? They are all unpaired, expect which one?

A

Thyroid
Epiglottis
Arytenoid - paired
Cricoid

49
Q

What are the 5 bones of the hyoid apparatus?

A 
Stylohyoid
Epihyoid
Keratohyoid
Basihyoid
Thyrohyoid
50
Q

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus?

A

Suspend the tongue and larynx from the base of the skull

51
Q

What dose the hyoid apparatus articulate with dorsally and ventrally?

A

Dorsal - temporal bone

Ventral - larynx

52
Q

What superficial muscle is found near the nasal bone on the horse?

A

Levator nasolabialis

53
Q

What passes through the infraorbital foramen? What is this a branch of?

A

Infraorbital nerve

Maxillary trigeminal

54
Q

What runs through the mental foramen? What is this a branch of?

A

Mental nerve

Branch of mandibular trigeminal

55
Q

What muscle is found near where the canines would be located in a horse?

A

Caninus

Head (2 decks)

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