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MRCS Part B > Head > Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of temoporal bone

A

Squamous, petrous, mastoid, tympanic

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2
Q

What attaches to superior and inferior temporal lines?

A

Temporalis (Mandibular nerve V3)

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3
Q

What opens onto the temporal bone?

A

External auditory meatus

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4
Q

What bony prominence lies posterior to the external acoustic meatus?

A

Mastoid process

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5
Q

Clinical significance of the communication between middle ear and mastoid process?

A

Chronic otitis media can result in infection of the mastoid process of the temporal bone

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6
Q

What is the bony protuberance from the temporal bone anterior to the mastoid process?

A

Styloid process

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7
Q

What bones articulate at the pterion?

A

Forntal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid

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8
Q

What bones form the floor of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones

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9
Q

In what bone is the cribiform plate, what passes through it and what is its clinical significance?

A
  1. Ethmoid bone
  2. Olfactory nerves
  3. Fracture results in CSF leak- rhinorrhoea
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10
Q

What is the bony projection upwards in the midline of the ethmoid bone, what is its function and what lies anterior to it?

A
  1. Crista galli
  2. Attachment of falx cerebri
  3. Foramen cecum (passes to nasal cavity)
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11
Q

What part of the brain lies in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes

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12
Q 
Borders of middle cranial fossa?
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Floor
A

Anterior: Greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
Posterior: Petrous temporal bone
Lateral: Squamous temporal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of sphenoid
Floor: Temporal bones, greater wing of sphenoid

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13
Q

3 structures passing into orbit from middle cranial fossa via optic canal

A

Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA)
Central retinal vein

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14
Q

Structures passing through superior orbital fissure

A 
Occulomotor nerve
Ophthalmic veins- superior and inferior
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Abducens nerve
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15
Q

Foramen rotundum connects which 2 spaces?

What does it transmit?

A 
Pterygopalatine fossa and middle cranial fossa
Maxillary nerve (V2)
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16
Q

Foramen ovale connects which 2 spaces?

What does it transmit?

A 
Middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa
Mandibular nerve (V3), accessory meningeal artery
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17
Q

Foramen spinosum connects which 2 spaces and transmits what structure?

A

Middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossa

Middle meningeal artery

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18
Q

What opening lies medial to foramen ovale and spinosum? What passes through it

A

Foramen lacerum

Nothing!

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19
Q

What do the ridges on the anterior petrous temporal bone transmit?

A

Greater and lesser petrosal nerves

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20
Q

Path and function of greater petrosal nerve?

A

Efferent fibres of parasympathetic fibres from facial nerve to lacrimal gland. Facial nerve damage causes dry eyes!

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21
Q

Path and function of lesser petrosal nerve?

A

Via otic ganglion to join chorda tympani and supply taste to anterior 2/3 tongue

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22
Q

What space lies inferior to sella turcica?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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23
Q

What attaches to the posterior cliniod processes?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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24
Q

What part of the brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cerebellum and brainstem

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25
``` Borders of posterior cranial fossa? Anterior Posterior Floor Roof ```
Anterior: Petrois temporal bone, occipital bone Posterior: Occipital bone Floor: Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone Roof: Tentorium cerebelli
26
What 3 structures pass through internal auditory meatus?
Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Labyrinthine artery
27
What cranial foramen lies between petrous temporal bone and occipital bone?
Jugular foramen
28
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Inferior petrosal sinus and Sigmoid sinus-> internal jugular vein Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve
29
Where is the hypoglossal canal relative to the jugular foramen?
Medial
30
What passes through the foramen magnum?
``` Brainstem (medulla) Spinal accessory nerve Vertebral arteries Anterior and posterior spinal artery Venous plexus of vertebral canal ```
31
Contents of cavernous sinus
``` Occulomotor nerve- lateral Trochlear nerve- lateral Ophthalmic nerve (V1)- lateral Maxillary nerve (V2)- lateral Internal carotid artery- medial Abducens nerve -medial ```
32
Structures passing through foramen ovale
``` Otic ganglion V3- mandibular nerve Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve (passes to tongue for taste with chorda tympani) Emissary veins ```
33
What foramen lies just anterior to styloid process and what does it transmit?
Stylomastoid foramen | Facial nerve exits skull via this pathway
34
What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein | Nerve is a branch of V2
35
What passes through zygomatic foramen?
Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels | Nerve is a branch of V2
36
What passes through the mental foramen?
``` Mental nerve (branch of V3) Mental artery and vein ```
37
What passes from infratemporal fossa to orbit via inferior orbital fissure?
Zygomatic nerve, branch of V2
38
What passes through the supraorbital notch?
Supraorbital nerve (branch of V1) and vessels
39
Drainage of anterior ethmoid sinus
Middle nasal meatus
40
Drainage of middle ethmoidal sinus
Middle nasal meatus
41
Drainage of posterior ethmoidal sinus
Superior nasal meatus
42
Drainage of frontal sinus
Middle nasal meatus
43
Drainage of sphenoid sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior meatus)
44
Drainage of maxillary sinus
Hiatus semilunaris (superior aspect of middle meatus)
45
Arteries supplying nasal cavity
Ophthalmic artery- from ICA -Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries supply lateral wall and septum Maxillary artery- from ECA - Sphenopalatine artery - Descending palatine Facial artery- from ECA -Superior labial artery
46
What is the mandibular foramen and what passes through it?
Opening on mandible connecting to mandibular canal | Transmits inferior alveolar nerve and vessels
47
What muscles lie in the infratemporal fossa?
Medial and lateral pterygoid | muscles of mastication innervated by V3
48
What artery lies in the infratemporal fossa?
Maxillary artery
49
What nerves lie in the infratemporal fossa?
Chorda tympani | Branches of V3
50
Sensory innervation to the scalp
V1- Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves V2- Zygomaticotemporal nerve V3- Auriculotemporal nerve C2- Greater occipital and spinal nerves
51
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
52
Surface markings of parotid gland?
Superior: zygomatic arch Anterior: mandible and muscles of mastication Posterior: EAM and mastoid process Medially: styloid process
53
What passes through the parotid gland, dividing it into superficial and deep parts?
Facial nerve. | This is the landmark for a superficial parotidectomy
54
Blood vessels and nerve located at upper border of parotid, anterior to ear?
Superficial temporal artery and vein | Auriculotemporal nerve
55
What is the duct associated with the parotid gland?
Stensen's duct
56
Course of the parotid duct
Begins at anterior aspect of parotid gland, pierces buccinator and opens into oral cavity opposite 2nd upper molar
57
What 3 structures cross the parotid duct?
Facial nerve Retromandibular vein External carotid artery
58
What ganglion supplies parasympathetic innervation to the parotid duct and how?
Otic ganglion Glossopharyngeal fibres from salivary nucleus follow tympanic branch to lesser petrosal nerve preganglionic fibres to otic ganglion then postganglionic fibres of auriculotemporal nerve to gland
59
Path of sympathetic innervation to parotid gland?
External carotid artery
60
Which are the smallest salivary glands?
Sublingual
61
Where do sublingual salivary ducts open?
Floor of mouth
62
Where does the submandibular duct open?
Lateral to frenulum of tongue
63
Major blood vessels of the submandibular region?
Lingual artery Facial artery Both from external carotid artery
64
Parasympathetic innervation to sublingual and submandibular glands?
Facial nerve via corda tympani and facial nerve
65
Within what structure does the facial nerve divide and into how many branches?
Parotid gland | 5 branches
66
What 2 branches of the cervical plexus innervate behind the ear?
C2 and C3- lesser occipital and greater auricular nerves
67
Ophthalmic nerve from CNV1 gives off which branches
Frontal nerve leading to supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves Lacrimal nerve Infratrochlear nerve External nasal nerve
68
3 major branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Auriculotemporal, buccal and mental nerves
69
Facial artery course and branches
Deep to digastric and stylohyoid and submandibular gland Enters anterior margin of masseter Branches: superior labial, inferior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries
70
Which 1 tongue muscle is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
Palatoglossus- innervated by vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus
71
What is the pharynx?
Muscular tube for food and air to pass to oesophagus and larynx/trachea respectively
72
2 groups of muscles form the pharynx
External circular constrictor muscles | Internal longitudinal muscles
73
Function and innervation of pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Superior, middle and inferior constrictors under involuntary, autonomic control to propel food into oesophagus Innervated by pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus. Damage to vagus nerve in neck results in dysphagia
74
What are the 3 internal, longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nerve) Palatopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus) Salpingopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)
75
Boundaries of anterior cranial fossa
Anteriorly and laterally: frontal bone. (medially is limbus of sphenoid bone, a groove between optic canals). Posteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid bone Floor: frontal, ethmoid and the anterior aspects of the body and lesser wings of sphenoid
76
Boundaries of middle cranial fossa
Anteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid Anteriorly and medially: limbus of sphenoid (a groove between optic canals). Posteriorly and laterally: superior border of petrous temporal bone. Posteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone Floor: body and greater wing of sphenoid, squamous and petrous temporal bones
77
Boundaries of posterior cranial fossa
Anteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid Anteriorly and laterally: superior petrous temporal bone. Posteriorly: occipital bone Floor: mastoid part of temporal bone and occipital bone.

MRCS Part B (9 decks)

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