Head Anatomy Flashcards by Hannah Thomas

List the three parts of the skull

Neuro-cranium
Facial skull
Mandible

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List the bones that make up the cranium

Frontal
Parietal (x2)
Occipital
Temporal (x2)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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Describe the structure of skull bone

Inner and outer cortex layer (compact bone) with diploe in between (spongy/trabeculous bone)

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Where is red marrow housed?

In the diploe (spongy bone) between the two cortex layers of the skull bone

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List three sutures of the skull

Sagittal
Coronal
Lambdoid

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Name the five layers of the scalp

Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontal muscle
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum

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Which two bones form the zygomatic arch?

Zygomatic bone anteriorly

Temporal bone posteriorly

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Which nerves form the brachial plexus?

Ventral rami of C5 - T1

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Why does the scalp bleed profusely?

The blood vessels lie in the layer of dense connective tissue which prevents vasoconstriction

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From where does the facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?

Stylomastoid foramen

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Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity? Which muscle does it pierce to get there?

Upper second molar

Buccinator muscle

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What are the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve? Where do they synapse?

Opthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
Synapse in the trigeminal ganglion

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Describe the function of the Trigeminal nerve (Cr V)

Sensory innervation of the skin, mucous membranes and sinuses of the face.
Motor innervation (mandibular branch only) of muscles of mastication
Innervation is parasympathetic

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What are the muscles of mastication? What is their function?

Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid, Masseter and Temporalis

Movement of the jaw

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List the muscles that are associated with facial expression

Orbicularis oculi - surrounds the eye
Orbicularis oris - surrounds the mouth
Corrugator supercili - draws eyebrows together
Buccinator - prevents cheeks being chewed

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Describe the role of the facial nerve

Gives motor innervation to the facial muscles

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Describe the role of the trigeminal nerve

Gives sensory innervation to the face

Responsible for some motor functions such as biting and chewing

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On which bone are the mastoid and styloid processes? What are their functions?

Temporal bone

Points of attachment for muscles

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What is the nasion?

the intersection of the frontal and nasal bones

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What is the glabella?

the smooth area between the superciliary arches

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What is the supra-orbital notch?

a small notch in the supra-orbital margin

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What is the infra-orbital foramen?

a small hole in the maxilla, inferior to each orbit

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What forms the zygomatic arch?

the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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Where are the mental foramen?

inferior to the second premolar teeth

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What are the mental tubercles?

lateral parts of the mental protuberance

What is the mental protuberance?

triangular elevation of bone inferior to the mandibular symphysis

What is the mandibular ramus?

the vertical part of the mandible

What is transmitted through the stylomastoid foramen?

the facial nerve

What is the calvaria and which bones is it made up of?

The skull cap | Made up of the frontal bone, left and right parietal bones and the occipital bone

What is the external occipital protuberance?

a palpable elevation of the occipital bone in the midline of the occupit (back of the skull)

List four parts of the transverse process on cervical vertebrae

Posterior tubercle Groove for spinal nerve Anterior tubercle Transverse foramen

What is transmitted in the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae?

Vertebral artery Vertebral vein Sympathetic nerves

Describe the extent of the scalp

Extends from the superior nuchal lines on the occipital bone to the supra-orbital margins of the frontal bone. Laterally the scalp extends from the left zygomatic arch to the right zygomatic arch.

Describe the function of the loose areolar layer of the scalp

Separates the pericranium from the epicranial aponeurosis, allowing free movement of the scalp proper Spongy structure of the tissue means that potential spaces can distend with fluid as a result of injury or infection

Which nerve gives motor function to the muscles of the scalp?

Extracranial branches of the facial nerve

Which nerves give sensory innervation to the back of the scalp?

Spinal nerves C2-C3

Name the main facial bones

``` Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic bone Lacrimal bone ```

Which arteries of the scalp are branches of the internal carotid artery?

Supra-orbital artery | Supra-trochlear artery

Which arteries of the scalp are branches of the external carotid artery?

Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Superficial temporal artery

Which artery supplies the parotid gland and duct?

Transverse facial artery

Which bone does the facial artery curve around?

Mandible

Which arteries supply the lips?

Superior and inferior labial arteries

Which artery is the terminal branch of the facial artery?

Angular artery

Name the main muscles of facial expression

``` Occipitofrontalis Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Buccinator Platysma ```

What are the facial muscles attached to?

Subcutaneous tissue | Bone

The facial muscle is associated with derivatives of which pharyngeal arch?

the second pharyngeal arch

What types of nerve fibres does the facial nerve contain?

Motor Special sensory Parasympathetic

Which muscles are supplied by the facial nerve?

All muscles of facial expression Posterior belly of the digastric muscle Stylohyoid muscle Stapedius muscle

What is supplied by sensory fibres of the facial nerve? Which branch of the facial nerve supplies this?

Taste sensation in the anterior two thirds of the tongue; special sensory innervation only Chorda tympani

Which glands are innervated by the parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve? Which branches of the facial nerve carry the parasympathetic fibres to the glands?

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands - chorda tympani Nasal, Palatine, Lacrimal, Pharyngeal glands - greater petrosal nerve

Where does the facial nerve exit the cranium?

Stylomastoid foramen

Name the five terminal branches of the facial nerve

``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```

Name the fascial layers of the neck

``` Superficial cervical fascia Deep cervical fascia - Investing layer - Pretrachial layer - Prevertebral layer - (Carotid sheaths) ```

In which fascial layer is the external jugular vein?

Superficial fascia

What are the two parts of the pretrachial fascia layer? What structures do they enclose?

Visceral part - thyroid gland, oesphagus, trachea | Muscular part - infrahyoid muscles

What is the Pterion?

a region on the lateral side of the skill where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones meet

What is the clinical significance of the pterion?

Susceptible to fracture | - risk of injury to middle meningeal artery which could cause an extradural haematoma

Name the muscles of mastication

Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for protruding the mandible?

Lateral pterygoid (when contracted bilaterally)

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for side-to-side movement of the mandible?

Lateral pterygoid (when contracted unilaterally)

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for retracting the mandible?

Temporalis muscle

Name the three articulating surfaces in the temporomandibular joint

Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle (part of temporal bone) Head of mandible

What structure separates the articulating surfaces of the TM joint?

articular disk | this splits the joint into two synovial cavities

What type of cartilage covers the bones in the TM joint?

Fibrocartilage (not hyaline cartilage!)

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint? What movement does this allow?

Modified hinge joint | Allows movement of the mandible in three planes

Name the ligaments that stabilise the TM joint

Lateral ligament Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament

Describe the neurovascular supply of the TM joint

Arterial supply is via branches of the superficial temporal artery, which is a branch of the external carotid artery Innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve

The mandibular nerve innervates structures derived from which pharyngeal arch?

1st pharyngeal arch

Head Anatomy Flashcards

(68 cards)