HEAD AND NECK Flashcards by EL-Charis Mills

Which part of the face is known as the “Dangerous triangle”

The middle third of the face

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Why is the middle 3rd of the face known as the “Dangerous Triangle”?

Because infection there may produce THROMBO-PHLEBITIS of the facial vein that can spread to the cavernous sinus via “ophthalmic veins” (swelling of veins with clot) or “pterygoid venous plexus” (clot that goes to the brain)

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What leads to meningitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis

Septicemia (blood poisoning)

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Name the 2 conditions that can cause neurological damage and are life-threatening (bacterial infection response)

Meningitis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis

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What is the nerve (anterior)associated with the Carotid Triangle

Venus Nerve

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What is the artery (anterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

Common Carotid

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What is the vein (anterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

Internal Jugular

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What is the nerve (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

Accessory Nerve

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What is the vein (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

External Jugular and Subclavian vein

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Which part of the carotid triangle can injure brachial plexus?

Posterior Triangle

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The Only muscle of mastication that opens the jaw is ….

Lateral pterygoid

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What muscles are involved in Elevation (close mouth)

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid

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What muscles are involved in Depression (open mouth)

Lateral pterygoid
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid

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What muscles are involved in Protrusion (protrude chin)

Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Medial pterygoid

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What muscles are involved in Retrusion (retrude chin)

Temporalis
Masseter

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What muscles are involved in Lateral movement (grinding and chewing)

1.Temporalis of the same side
2. Pterygoid of opposite side
3. Masseter

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Where does Hypoplasia (under developed/ lack of cells) of the mandibula, cleft palate, defect of the eye and ear occur?

First Pharyngeal arch

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Everything with “M” occurs in …

First Arch

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Everything with “S” occurs in

Second Arch

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What nerve innervates the the buccinator?

Main trunk of the facial nerve

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What muscle is responsible for swallowing

Buccinator

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A patient has difficulty in swallowing. What is the nerve and muscle affected ?

A. Facial Nerve
B. Buccinator

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The only branch of the trigeminal nerve that contains a motor root is the…

The Mandibular Nerve

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This branch supplies motor innervation to the facial muscles involved in mastication which include the masseter, temporalis muscle, and the lateral and medial pterygoids.

Mandibular branch of trigeminal

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What happens when there is Sclerotome destruction during embryogenesis?

Results in underdeveloped vertebral bodies

Neural Crest cells give rise to ....

1. Most of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Dorsal root ganglion 2. Facial Bones

Premature closure of the sagittal suture, in which the anterior fontanelle is small or absent, results in a long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium.

Scaphocephaly

Premature closure of the sagittal suture, in which the anterior fontanelle is small or absent, results in a long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium.

Scaphocephaly

Premature closure of the coronal suture results in a high, tower- like cranium.

Oxycephaly

Premature closure of the coronal or the lambdoid suture occurs on one side only, the cranium is twisted and asymmetrical, a condition known as

Plagiocephaly

Bleeding between pericranium and calvaria during a difficult birth results in

cephalhematoma

Know the order of the Head... S.C.A.L.P

1. Skin 2. Dense Connective tissue 3. Aponeurosis (Epicranial) 4. Loose areolar tissue 5. Pericranium

Layer of the scalp associated with Sebaceous cysts

Skin

The superficial scalp lacerations that do not gape and result in severe bleeding

Dense Connective tissue

The layer of the scalp where Lacerations gape widely because of contraction frontalis and occipitalis parts of occipitofrontalis muscle

Aponeurosis (Epicranial)

Dangerous area of the scalp. It contains potential spaces capable of being distended with fluid resulting from injury or infection is known as...

Loose areolar tissue

Bleeding between _____ and calvaria during a difficult birth results in cephalhematoma

A. Pericranium B. Cephalhematoma

Fracture of the anterior cranial fossa features

1. Anosmia (loss of smell) 2. Periorbital bruising (Raccoon eyes) 3. CSF leakage from the nose (rhinorrhea)

Skull fracture near pterion is known as ___

Epidural hematoma

1. unable to close lips and eyelids on affected side 2. eye on affected side is not lubricated (dry eye) 3. unable to whistle, blow a wind instrument, or chew effectively. 4. facial distortion due to contractions of unopposed contralateral facial muscles

Bell's palsy

What term is given to the idiopathic unilateral facial paralysis.

Bell's palsy

What occurs from the anterior nasal septum (Kiesselbach's area),

Epistaxis (Nose bleed)

Infection in the ethmoidal sinuses can erode the medial wall of the orbit, resulting in orbital cellulites that can spread to the cranial cavity. This infection his known as___

Ethmoiditis

In orbital cavity infection may erode structures related to the medial orbital wall:1.____2._____3.____

1. Medial rectus muscle 2. Superior oblique muscle 3. Nasociliary nerve

Lymph drainage from the head (know this)

1. Preauricular (parotid ) (on front of auricle) receive lymph from anteriolateral part of scalp and lateral face 2. Submandibular (in digastric or submandibular Δ) – from all air sinuses, nose and adjacent cheek, upper lip and lateral parts of lower lip. 3. Submental (in submental Δ) – from the chin, tip of the tongue and central part of the lower lip. 4. Mastoid (behind the auricle) – adjacent region of the head. 5. Occipital (occipital region).

A fracture of the orbital floor is caused by blunt trauma to the orbital contents (e.g., by a handball) is known as ____

Blow-out fracture

Content of orbital cavity blow-out in ____

Maxillary sinus

Blow-out fractures may damage 1____ 2____ 3____

1. Inferior rectus muscle 2. Infraorbital nerve (from maxillary V2) 3. Infraorbital artery (hemorrhaging).

Failure of fusion of intermaxillary segment with the left maxillary segment

cleft of the lip or palate

A painless midline mass on the anterior aspect of the neck just below of the hyoid bone and moves during swallowing is known as ______

Cervical cysts -Median cervical cyst

Cysts that are remnants of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grooves and filled up by ectoderm are known as ____

Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)

Cysts that are remnants of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grooves and filled up by ectoderm are known as ____

Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)

Painless cysts located on the lateral neck along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and do not move during swallowing are known as____

Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)

____is an emergency procedure that relieves an airway obstruction (e.g. swallowed foreign bodies or abnormal tissue growths)

Cricothyrotomy

interval between pharynx (Bucco-pharyngeal fascia) and prevertebral fascia is known as _____

Retropharyngeal space -May provide a passage way of infection from pharynx to posterior mediastinum (mediastinitis ≈ 90% mortality rate). Basically, allows for the spread of infections from the oral cavity to the thoracic cavity.

It is derived from the prevertebral fascia

Axillary sheath (Neck)

Encloses ___1___ artery and __2___ plexus as they emerge in the interval between the scalenus __3__ and __4__ muscles (Interscalenus space)

1. Subclavian artery 2. Brachial Plexus 3. Anterior 4. Medius

Most commonly caused by a fibrous tissue tumor in the SCM is called_____

Congenital Torticollis

List the Key features of Congenital torticollis

head turns to the side and the face turned away from the affected side

May involve any bilateral combination of lateral neck muscles, usually SCM and trapezius_____

Spasmodic Torticollis

List the Key features of Spasmodic torticollis

1. involuntary shifting of head laterally or anteriorly 2. shoulder usually elevated and anteriorly displaced on the side on which chin turns

What is the artery (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

Occipital artery.

What are the Lymph nodes associated with the Carotid Triangle?

Superficial cervical nodes along external jugular vein.

What does the Accessory nerve (CN-XI) supply?

1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle -face looks upward to the opposite side 2. Trapezius -superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula.

HEAD AND NECK Flashcards

(64 cards)