Head and neck

Question 1

what is the most common type of brachial clef cysts ?

Answer 1

Type 2

Question 2

where are brachial clef cysts type 2 arise from ?

Answer 2

angle of mandible, anterior to sternocleidomastoid.
extending between the internal and external carotid arteries

Question 3

what commonly causes enlargement of a brachial clef cyst s?

Answer 3

comcominant infection - such as a respiratory infection

Question 4

what type of epithelium are the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses lined with

Answer 4

schneiderian epithleium

Question 5

the inferior meatus is the drainage pathway of which duct

Answer 5

the nasolacrimal duct

Question 6

what does the osteiomeatal complex drain into

Answer 6

the middle meatus

Question 7

what is a concha bullsoa

Answer 7

pneumatisation of a middle turbinate

Question 8

what is the black turbinate sign

Answer 8

non enhancement of the nasal turbinates due to acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis

Question 9

what is Potts puffy tumour

Answer 9

acute frontal sinusitis complicated with osteomyelitis and a subgaleal/subperiosteal abscess

Question 10

what condition links chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis

Answer 10

cystic fibrosis

Question 11

what is samters triad ?

Answer 11

NSAID exacerbated respiratory disease

Astama
sensitive to NSAIDS
nasal polyps

Question 12

what is Gardner sydnrome

Answer 12

FAP
multiple osteomas
desmoid tumours

Question 13

what is mc-cune Albright syndrom

Answer 13

polyostoci fibours dysplasia
endocrine hyperfunction
cafe au lait spots

Question 14

what is mazabraud syndrome

Answer 14

polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and intramuscular myxomas

Question 15

which nerve is most likely to be affected in adenoid cystic carcinoma ?

Answer 15

maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 16

what is intestinal type adenocarcinoma of the sinuses associated with

Answer 16

wood dust

Question 17

what structures pass through the optic cancal

Answer 17

optic nerve
ophthalmic artery

Question 18

what structures pass through the superior orbital fissure

Answer 18

CN 3,4,6 and V1 (ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve which provides sensory Information to the upper face0
superior ophalmic vein
superior branch of the inferior ophthalmic vein

Question 19

what is the normal finding of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 19

T2 bright signal in the globes pallidus

Question 20

what is the order of muscle involvement in the eye associated with graves disease ?

Answer 20

IM SLOW

Inferior
middle
superior
lateral
olbiques

Question 21

which primary tumour can cause enopthalmos ?

Answer 21

breast cancer

Question 22

in children what is the most common source of metasatesse to the orbits ?

Answer 22

neuroblastoma

Question 23

what are patients with srogens syndrome at increased risk of developing

Answer 23

salavary gland lymphoma

Question 24

what is heerfordt syndrome

Answer 24

pathognomic presentation of sarcoid with uveitis , parotitis and facial nerve palsy

Question 25

where do first brachial cleft cysts arise ?

Answer 25

between the external auditory canal and the submandibular region

Question 26

where do chordomas occur ?

Answer 26

sacro-coccyeal sphenoid-clivis vertebral body

Question 27

what Is an anterochoanal polyp?

Answer 27

polyps that arise from the maxillary sinus and extend into the nasophranx. They cause expansion of the sinus but don't cause bony erosions

Question 28

what is an inverted papilloma

Answer 28

a vascular tumour, usually arising from the lateral nasal wall, it extends in to the maxillary sinus and causes bony erosions

Question 29

where does iodine - from a iodine 113 scan normally accumulate ?

Answer 29

the stomach and the salivary glands due to normal sodium-iodine transporters the bladder and the liver due to normal excretion pathways

Question 30

if a patient has an optic nerve glioma, what is there likely underlying condition

Answer 30

NF1

Question 31

what type of contrast enhancement is seen with a cavernous haemangioma?

Answer 31

progressive filling in - can be seen as being more filled in with further sequences obtained

Question 32

what causes bilateral symmetrical enlargement of the lacrimal glands ?

Answer 32

srogjesn and sarcoidosis

Question 33

what space is lateral to the head of the malleus and incus on an axial view in the epitympanium

Answer 33

prussaks space

Question 34

what is a cholesteatoma

Answer 34

matrix of stratisfied epithelium cells, releases a matrix that absorbes bone

Question 35

where do cholesteatomas occur

Answer 35

prussaks space,

Question 36

What is a gloms tympanum

Answer 36

benign glomus body tumour at the cochlear promontory (its where the nurse plexus of CN 9/10 )

Question 37

what nuclear medicine tests can you use to investigate gloms tympanicum

Answer 37

Indium 111 OCtreotide 123 MIGB

Question 38

what causes a cholesterol granuloma

Answer 38

bleeding in pneumatised petrous apex - leading to inflammatory mass

Question 39

what is the dark rim seen in a cholesterol granuloma ?

Answer 39

old blood products surrounding the cholesterol crystals which are fat bright

Question 40

what causes petrous apicitis

Answer 40

pseudomonas infection from mastoiditis

Question 41

what is gradenigo syndrome

Answer 41

otorrhea - middle ear mastoid infection headache - intracranial infection or trigeminal neuralgia diplopia - lateral rectus palsy ( due to CN6 courses over the petrous apex)

Question 42

what does the cavernous sinus drain

Answer 42

the inferior and superior ophthalmic veins and the sphenoparietal sinus

Question 43

what drains the cavernous sinus

Answer 43

superior and inferior petrosal sinuses to the sigmoid sinus and then jugular bulb

Question 44

Answer 44

<10mm

Question 45

what is the most common primary cancer to metastasise to the suprasellar region ?

Answer 45

bresat

Question 46

how do patients with a hypothalamic harmatoma present

Answer 46

uncontrollable laughing seizures

Question 47

where do most acquired cholesteatomoas arise

Answer 47

prussaks space

Question 48

where are cholesterol granulomas located

Answer 48

in a pneumatised petrous apex

Question 49

on otoscope what does a cholesterol granuloma look like ?

Answer 49

blue retrotympanic mass

Question 50

where do most nasophrangeal carcinomas raise ?

Answer 50

fossa of rossenmuller

Question 51

with a nasopharyngeal carcinoma which lymph nodes are usually preferred ?

Answer 51

retropharyngeal and high jugular

Question 52

where do thronwaldt cysts arise and what do people complain off ?

Answer 52

in the midline or the nasopharnx, bad breath

Question 53

what automatically upgrades an oropharyngeal cancer to a T3 ?

Answer 53

invasion of the epiglottic fat space

Question 54

where do all ranulas arise from ?

Answer 54

they all arise from the sublingual space

Question 55

what is a rare complication of a thyroiglossal duct cyst ?

Answer 55

thyroid carcinoma

Question 56

what is the most common location for a cystic hygroma?

Answer 56

posterior triangle of the neck

Question 57

what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism ?

Answer 57

hashimotos disease

Question 58

what is the most common cause of a painful thyroid mass ?

Answer 58

de quervain thyroiditis

Question 59

what is a gibbus deformity?

Answer 59

it is where there is anterior wedging of the vertebral body - this results in structural kyphosis

Question 60

what is the most common cause of epidural lipomatosis ?

Answer 60

steroid use

Question 61

what measurement of epidural fat in the thoracic space is thought of as epidural lipomatosis ?

Answer 61

more than 6mm

Question 62

what should the basin dental interval be ?

Answer 62

<12mm

Question 63

what should the Atlanta -dental interval be ?

Answer 63

< 2.5 mm adults < 5mm in children