Head and Neck Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
what is the view to see the frontal sinuses
A
caldwell view
2
Q
what view enhances the mandible and condyles ?
A
towne views
3
Q
what kind of view requires the patient to put their head back
A
waters view
4
Q
what view is used to look for zygomatic fractures
A
waters view
5
Q
what shape does the lower orbital limb form
A
elephant
6
Q
what was it called when there was a broken elephant trunk
A
zygomatic fracture
7
Q
in the elephant zygoma makes the…
orbits make the
A
zygoma- trunk
orbits- ears
8
Q
what is a blow out fracture
A
isolated localized fracture of the orbital floor
9
Q
what is the first line of defense for coronal CT?
A
plain films
10
Q
what is the 2nd line of defense for Coronal
A
CT scan
11
Q
what is known as the jug-handles view
A
submentovertex (SMV)
12
Q
what is used to look at the mouth
A
panorex
orthopantogram or OPG
13
Q
what does the orthopantogram (panorex) show
A
shows the entire mandible and maxillary arch and teeth
14
Q
what view do you use for palate
A
axial view
15
Q
how many ligaments hold the neck together
A
5
16
Q
what must plain films include
A
- base of the skull to T1
- anterior and posterior edges of vertebral bodies
- posterior edges of the facettes must line up
17
Q
what view is important for trauma
A
AP view
18
Q
what needs to be in the center of the AP view
A
posterior spinal processes
19
Q
what do the vertebral bodies need in a film
A
-they need to have distance between each other
- and they need to have perserved height
-
20
Q
what happens when there isnt a preserved height between the vertebral bodies
A
things can get squished there like nerves
21
Q
how many more injuries do you pick up when you use Plain film and CT scan
A
20% more injuries
22
Q
what is good to see things affecting soft tissues
A
plain film
23
Q
what can Ludwig’s Angina come from
A
any abscess that spreads under the muscle of the tongue and travels to the side of the neck and can occlude the airway
24
Q
where is the airway below
A
epiglottis
25
what should you always make sure of before giving a patient paralytic agents
that there is no swelling of the epiglottis
26
what is important to see contour of the airway in comparison to soft tissue
plain films
27
what are the 5 zones of the neck divided by
strap muscles
28
what do the strap muscles attach to
the hyoid bone and they look like straps
29
what are the 3 anterior triangles
- digastric ( suprahyoid neck)
- carotid triangle ( Digastic- omohyoid-SCM)
- muscular triangle (omohyoid-SCM- MIdline)
30
what is the carotid triangle made of
digastric, omohyoid, and SCM
31
what is the muscular triangle made of
omohyoid, SCM, Midline
32
what s the triangle at the suprahyoid neck
digastric triangle
33
what are the 2 posterior triangles
occipital triangle
| subclavian triangle
34
what does the occipital triangle have
SCM
Omohyoid
Trapezius
35
what does the subclavian triangle have
Omohyid
SCM
Clavicle
36
what direction do the two digastrics go
north and south
37
a lot of lymph nodes go through which triangle
carotid triangle
38
what triangle in the neck is the most important
carotid tringle
39
External and internal Carotid A.
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Vagus Nerve
Submandibular Gland
Submandibular lymph nodes
Facial A. and vein
HYpoglossal nerve go through what triangle e
digastric
40
abscess in the area under the jaw makes swelling where
in the suprahyoid neck
41
95% of all branchial cleft anomalies arise from what
2nd branchial cleft
42
what is the most common presentation of a 2nd branchial cyst
a cyst that sometimes has the combination of a sinus or fistula
43
in 2nd branchial cyst infection is indicated how
be increased density
-spetations
and wall thickening
44
what holds up the floor of the neck
hyoid bone
45
thyroid remnants run to the thyroid behind what
hyoid bone
46
what is the midline cystic lesion that is partly external and internal to the hyoid bone and located in the visceral space
thyroglossal duct cyst
47
where are lymph nodes usually seen
in the subcutaneous fat around the larynx
48
about 60% of thyroglossal duct cyst are what
infra-hyoid
49
what runs from the base of the tongue at the foramen caecum to the thyroid gland `
thyroglossal duct cyst
50
what is the location of the thyroglossal duct cyst
midline or para-median
51
what percent of thyroglossal duct cyst are located suprahyoidal
20%
52
how many thyroglossal duct cyst are at the level of the hyoid
15%
53
what are the 2 other differential diagnoses for thyroglossal duct cyst
- necrotic anterior cervical nodes
| - thrombosed jugular vein
54
what are the 5 anatomical spaces of the infrahyoid neck
- visceral space
- carotid space
- retropharyngeal space
- posterior cervical space
- perivertebral space
55
if puss goes in the retropharyngela space what happens
it will go to the mediastinum and cause problems
56
if there is a perforation in the esophagus puss goes where
in the prevertberal space
57
what are the 3 things we look for in a systemic approach
- in which space
- what is normal contents of this space
- radiological pattern recognition and integrating clinical information
58
where is the visceral space
from the hyoid to the anterior mediastinum and doesnt extend into the suprahyoid space
59
what is anterior to the thyroid cartilage?
strap muscle
60
sternothyroid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid are what
strap muscles
61
strap muscles aare all connected to the hyoid bone and do what
depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
62
what is a pathology of the esophagus
Zenkers diverticulum
63
what is a pathology of parathyroid
adenoma
64
what is a pathology of trachea
carcinoma
65
```
larynx
esophagus
trachea
thryoid gland
parathyroid
reccurent nerve
paratracheal lymph nodes
```
belong to what space
visceral space
66
laryngocele
chondrosarcoma
paraganglioma
schwannoma
are what
submucosal lesions
67
squamos cell carcinoma is what
muscosal lesion
68
what has a solid looking appearance
schwanomma
69
what has irregular calcifications
chondrosarcoma
70
a cyst in the larynx is also called?
benign laryngocele
71
where can goiters go because they are heavy
mediastinum
72
recurrent laryngeal nerves are located where
tracheo-esophageal groove
73
wat is a good way to differntiate betweeen cystic and solid thyroid masses
thyroid ultrasound
74
what is the mass that is anterior to the strap muscles
thyroid
75
a mass that is located in the visceral space and extends into the mediastinum ( anterior) can displace what
the trachea because it is also in the anterior mediastinum
76
what would we assume if we see an anterior mediastinum mass that displaces the trachea to the right and is well defined towards surronding fat also there are a few scattered calcifications
multinodular goiter
77
what is used to look at the esophagus that is also part of the visceral space
esophagogram ( barium swallow)
78
what is difficulty swallowing called?
dysphagia
79
What is the lower esophageal mucosal ring that has no musculature involved
Schatzki Ring
80
what is the severe muscular disorder of the esophagus ( esophageal dysmotility)
corckscrew esophagus
81
women who are how old have corkscrew?
40
82
```
carotid a
IJV
CN X
Sympathetic plexus
Lymph nodes ( level 2-4)
```
all belong to what space
carotid space
83
where does the carotid space extend from
skull base to the aortic arch
84
what does the carotid space transverse?
-suprahyoid
- hyoid
- infrahyoid
neck into the anterior mediastinum
85
a swelling that is centered between the external and internal carotid artery in the suprahyoid larynx would be in what space
carotid space
86
what is a differentiatioal diagnosis for a Paraganglimoa ( carotid body tumor) that is in between ECA and ICA
tumor of the vagus nerve
87
what is also called a carotid body tumor
paraganglioma
88
paraganglioma is multiple in how many people
4%
89
how many people have a positive family history of paragnaglioma
25%
90
what usually has intense enhancement on CT or MRI and is usually filled with little blood vessels
paragnaglioma
91
what are frequently present in paraganglioma
flow voids
92
when there is a narrowing of the Carotid artery and the blood makes vortices and can make a noise it is represented of
Bruit on Physical Exam
93
- symptoms of stroke of TIA
- Bruit
- atherosclerotic disease anywhere in the body
- progression of previously known carotid narrowing
- dizzines
- hypertension
are all good indications for what
carotid ultrasound
94
what is the only thing found in the retropharyngeal space
fat
95
what is a pathology of fat in the retropharyngeal space
lipoma-liposarcoma
96
what extends from the base of the skull to the posterior mediastinum at the level of the tracheal bifrucation
retropharyngeal space
97
what is normally a virtual space that contains the retropharyngeal lymph nodes superiorly and contains some fat
retreopharyngela space
98
infections of the motuth can spread through what space into the posterior mediastinum
retorpharyngeal space
