Head And Neck

Question 1

Superficial, temporal and maxillary veins unite to form what vein?

Answer 1

Retro mandibular vein

Question 2

Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain to?

Answer 2

Brachiocephalic vein

Question 3

What nerve supplies orbicularis oculi?

Answer 3

Facial nerve

Question 4

What muscle adducts the vocal cords?

Answer 4

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. Causes adduction of vocal cords by rotating vocal processes of arytenoids medically.
Abduction is by posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 5

Which muscle of the soft palate is supplied by a branch of the mandibular nerve?

Answer 5

Tensor veli palatini

This is the only muscle of the palate not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus (formed by CNIX and X)

Question 6

What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 6

Often called the singers muscle
Innervated by superior laryngeal nerve (Branch of vagus nerve)
All other intrinsic muscles of larynx are by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (also a branch of vagus nerve)

Question 7

What innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 7

CNIX

Elevates and larynx and pharynx

Question 8

Describe the gag reflex and the nerves involved.

Answer 8

Sensory stimulus to back of pharyngeal wall - stimulates CNIX (afferent). Vagus nerve = afferent/motor reflex.

If soft palate touched can illicit similar reflex but afferent = V3 and motor = CNX

Question 9

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

Answer 9

Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve
Internal jugular vein

Question 10

What layer of fascia contains the parotid salivary gland?

Answer 10

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

Question 11

Where does the lacrimal gland receive its secrotomotor nerve supply from?

Answer 11

Lacrimal gland receives secretomotor parasympathethetic fibres from greater petrosal nerve via pterygopalatine ganglion.

Question 12

What is the parasympathetic root for the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 12

The preganglionic cells lie in the superior salivatory nucleus. Fibres leave the brain stem in the nervus intermedius, join the facial nerve and issue from it as the greater petrosal nerve. Greater petrosal nerve enters pterygopalatine ganglion.

Question 13

What CN innervates the parotid gland?

Answer 13

Hypoglossal nerve (CNIX) comprises parasympathetic innervation –> otic ganglion –> auriculotemporal nerve (V3) –> innervates parotid gland –> increased secretions

Sympathetic innervation via superior cervical ganglion –> decreased secretions

Question 14

Which muscle is responsible for elevation and lateral rotation movements of eyeball?

Answer 14

Inferior oblique

Innervated by CNIII

Question 15

What nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

Answer 15

CNIX
CNX
CNXI

Question 16

Where does the submandibular gland receive its secretomotor nerve supply from where?

Answer 16

The submandibular gland receives its parasympathetic supply through the submandibular ganglion. The preganglionic cells lie in the superior salivatory nucleus and their fibres leave via nervus intermedius. The fibres join the facial nerve to the submandibular ganglion passing through the chorda tympani nerve (of facial nerve).

Question 17

Name 3 contents of the foramen ovale.

Answer 17

Mandibular nerve (V3), accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve

Question 18

Which paranasal sinuses open into the middle meatus?

Answer 18

Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal sinus
Middle ethmoidal sinus

Question 19

Where does the posterior ethmoidal air sinus open into?

Answer 19

Superior meatus of the nose

Question 20

What is the parasympathetic root for the otic ganglion?

Answer 20

Lesser petrosal nerve
Preganglionic cells lie in the inferior salivatory nucleus –> leave brainstem in glossopharyngeal nerve and pass via tympanic branch to tympanic plexus. Lesser petrosal nerve emerges from plexus and joins otic ganglion forming its parasympathetic secretomotor root

Question 21

What muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 21

Hyloglossus, styloglossus, genie glosses

Question 22

Describe the innervation to the sphincter pupillae muscle.

Answer 22

Sphincter pupillae muscle supplied by short ciliary branches from the ciliary ganglion. Parasympathetic fibres reaching the ciliary ganglion arise in cranial part of third nerve nucleus I.e. Edinger-Westphal nucleus.

Question 23

Where do posterior ethmoidal air sinuses open into?

Answer 23

Superior meatus of nose

Question 24

What is the parasympathetic root for ciliary ganglion?

Answer 24

Preganglionic fibres start from Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. Fibres pass through inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve, in its branch to inferior oblique muscle of eye. This passes to ciliary ganglion forming parasympathetic root

Question 25

Where is stylopharyngeus muscle located?

Answer 25

Stylopharyngeus muscle with glossopharyngeal nerve separates inferior border of the superior constrictor muscles of the pharynx from the middle constrictor

Question 26

Which muscle of the larynx is responsible for lengthening the vocal cords and what is its innervation?

Answer 26

``` Cricothyroid muscle (singers muscle) Innervated by superior laryngeal nerve (branch of Vagus) ```

Question 27

What structures pass through the foramen lacerum?

Answer 27

Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery enter skull via foramen lacerum and supplies dura mater in middle cranial fossa

Question 28

Inferior border of superior constrictor muscle of pharynx is separated from middle constrictor by what?

Answer 28

Glossopharyngeal nerve with stylopharygeus muscle.

Question 29

What structure is present inferior to inferior cosntrictor muscle of pharynx?

Answer 29

RLN

Question 30

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

Answer 30

``` ICA CNIII CNIV CNVI CNV1 and CNV2 Sympathetic plexus around ICA ```

Question 31

Which area of the face is the only area not supplied by trigeminal nerve and what does supply it?

Answer 31

The only part of the facial skin not supplied by CNV is that over the angle of the mandible. The skin of this area is innervated by greater auricular nerve (Branch of C2/C3)

Question 32

Which branch of the facial nerve is given off in the facial canal?

Answer 32

Chorda tympani. Arise about 6mm above stylomastoid foramen