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Advanced Health Assessment > Head and Neck Assessment > Flashcards

Head and Neck Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Sections of the cranium

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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2
Q

How many bones comprise the skull?

A

21

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3
Q

What is the only movable bone on the skull?

A

mandible

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4
Q

Function of the foramina on the skull

A

openings through which cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and other structures pass

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5
Q

How many bones establish the frontal region of the skull?

A

One

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6
Q

What does the frontal bone form?

A

The forehead, anterior cranial floor, and part of the eye orbit

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7
Q

How many bones form the parietal region of the skull?

A

Two

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8
Q

How many bones form the temporal region of the skull?

A

Two

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9
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone and what does it form?

A

Anterior base of the skull and forms the walls of the orbit.

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10
Q

What are the main sutures of the skull?

A

Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid

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11
Q

What do the skull sutures fuse together?

A

Coronal: frontal to parietal bones
Sagittal: parietal bones
Lambdoid: occipital to parietal

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12
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

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13
Q

Which facial bones are paired?

A

Zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, inferior nasal conchae, palatine, maxilla

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14
Q

What are the unpaired facial bones?

A

vomer (nasal septum), mandible

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15
Q

What is assessed when observing facial landmarks?

A

Size
Shape
Position
Prominence

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16
Q

Function of neck muscles

A

Speech
Swallowing
Stabilization

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17
Q

Purpose of anatomic “triangles” of the neck

A

Useful in assessing superficial structures

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18
Q

Components of the anterior triangle

A

bifurcation of common carotid artery, anterior cervical lymph nodes, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal cranial nerves.

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19
Q

Size of the thyroid with age

A

Increases in volume with age and body weight

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20
Q

Most common presenting symptom of the head and neck

A

Headache, neck pain

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21
Q

Red flags indicating secondary headache disorder

A

Systemic symptoms: unexplained fever, weight loss, myalgia
Neurologic symptoms: ALOC, sensory loss, weakness
Onset: sudden
Older age: new onset in those >50yrs
Pattern change: 4 Ps of pattern change

22
Q

What are the 4 Ps of pattern change?

A

Progressing to daily
Precipitated by valsalva
Postural aggravation
Papilledema

23
Q

How do you begin a head and neck exam?

A

observation

24
Q

What are you OBSERVING for in a head and neck exam?

A

symmetry
quality/condition of skin and hair
alignment
pain/ROM

25
Q

What are you PALPATING for in a head and neck exam?

A 
edema
tenderness
clicking
nodules
sensation
26
Q

Is percussion necessary in a head and neck exam?

A

No, unless there are specific concerns or symptoms

27
Q

What are some major laboratory considerations for the head and neck?

A 
Thyroid function (TSH, T3, T4, free T4)
Parathyroid function (PTH, vitamin D, Calcium)
28
Q

What are some imaging considerations for the head and neck?

A

imaging is not necessary for uncomplicated headaches and as long as there are no red flags for structural disorders

29
Q

What is a CT scan of the head most indicated for?

A

Skull fracture, intracranial bleed

30
Q

What is an MRI of the head most indicated for?

A

Prolonged symptoms, worsening symptoms, or suspected structural pathology

31
Q

How should evaluation of a thyroid nodule begin?

A

TSH level

32
Q

What diagnostic test should be done if the TSH is high or low?

A

thyroid ultrasound

33
Q

What is the next step if a thyroid ultrasound has abnormal results?

A

fine-needle aspiration

34
Q

What are the symptoms of an epidermal hematoma?

A

The pt will have a brief loss of consciousness, regaining of consciousness, followed by progressively worsening headache, then they become obtunded

35
Q

What is an epidermal hematoma?

A

A neurosurgical emergency in which the meningeal artery becomes severed from either blunt trauma or other traumatic injuries

36
Q

What are two major signs of a skull fracture?

A

Raccoon eyes=more serious basal skull fracture

Battle’s sign (mastoid ecchymosis)= basal skull fracture

37
Q

What is the most common type of skull fracture?

A

Linear fracture that traverses the full thickness of the bone

38
Q

Signs and Symptoms of a mild TBI

A 
Incoordination
Inability to focus/blank stare/stunned appearance
Disorientation, slurred speech
Headache, dizziness
Emotional deficits/memory deficits
39
Q

Key assessment of a TBI

A

History of the incident
Current symptoms/mental status
Neurologic exam

40
Q

Key signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

A

paresthesia of the fingertips, toes, and lips, myalgia, muscle spasms, fatigue, and dry skin.

41
Q

Key signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A 
Kidney stones
Abdominal pain
Joint/bone pain
osteoporosis
fatigue
depression
*more likely in older adults
42
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A 
iodine deficiency
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis)
medications (lithium, immunotherapies)
radioactive iodine therapy
thyroidectomy
pospartum thyroiditis
43
Q

Key assessment findings for hypothyroidism

A 
fatigue, weakness, sob on exertion
cold intolerance
weight gain
constipation
cognitive slowing
bradycardia, diastolic hypertension
delayed relaxation of DTRs
periorbital edema, tongue enlargement
dry skin, hair loss
myalgia, arthralgia
heavy menstrual bleeding
44
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease (autoimmune)
Goiter
toxic adenoma
Iodine-induced (too much contrast)

45
Q

Common signs of hyperthyroidism in older adults

A

unexplained weight loss
decreased appetite
new onset a-fib

46
Q

Key assessment findings for hyperthyroidism

A 
diaphoresis
heat intolerance
hyperpigmentation, thinning of hair
stare, impaired eye movement
exophthalmos
tachycardia, systolic hypertension, palpitaitons
weight loss
anxiety
tremor
47
Q

Signs of neoplasm in a head and neck exam

A 
fixed hard mass 
dysphagia
hoarseness
cervical lymphadenopathy
vocal cord paralysis
tracheal deviation
48
Q

Individuals at risk for thyroid cancer

A

History of childhood head or neck irradiation
<30 years of age
family history of thyroid cancer

49
Q

Facial characteristics of those with fetal alcohol syndrome

A 
microcephaly
epicanthal folds
smooth philtrum
flat nasal bridge
upturned nose
thin upper lip
50
Q

Characteristics of Turner syndrome

A

low hairline
thickened neck
prominent ear lobes

Advanced Health Assessment (7 decks)

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