Head exam Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
CN I
A
Olfactory Nerve - Special sense = olfaction
2
Q
CN II
A
Optic Nerve - Special Sense = vision
3
Q
CN III
A
Oculomotor - Motor,
Parasympathetic
4
Q
CN IV
A
Trochlear - Motor
5
Q
CN V
A
Trigeminal:
V1 = Opthalmic - General sensory
V2 = Maxillary - General sensory
V3 = Mandibular - General sensory and motor
6
Q
CN VI
A
Abducent - Motor
7
Q
CN VII
A
Facial Nerve - General sensory, special sense, motor and parasympathetic
8
Q
CN VIII
A
Vestibulocochlear - Special sense
9
Q
CN IX
A
Glossopharyngeal - General sensory, special sense, motor, parasympathetic
10
Q
CN X
A
Vagus - General sensory, special sense, motor, parasympathetic
11
Q
CN XI
A
Accessory - Motor
12
Q
CN XII
A
Hypoglossal - Motor
13
Q
Which nerve goes through the Cribiform Plate?
A
CN I (Olfactory)
14
Q
CN II (Optic) goes through which foramen?
A
Optic Canal
15
Q
CN III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear),V (V1 - Opthalmic), VI (Abducent) all go through the…?
A
Orbital Fissure
16
Q
Which nerves go through the Internal Acoustic Meatus?
A
CN VII (Facial), VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
17
Q
Which 3 nerves go through the Jugular Foramen -> Tympano-occipital fissure?
A
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Accessory)
18
Q
Where does CN XII (Hypoglossal) go?
A
Hypoglossal canal
19
Q
What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?
A
Vestibular and hearing
20
Q
Facial nerve function?
A
Taste to rostral 2/3 of tongue
21
Q
What nerve provides taste to the caudal 1/3 of the tongue?
A
Glossopharyngeal
22
Q
Which nerve provides taste at the root of the tongue?
A
Vagus
23
Q
Where does V2 (Maxillary) go?
A
Round foramen > Rostral Alar foramen
24
Q
V3 (Mandibular) path?
A
Oval foramen
25
What bones make up the zygomatic arch?
Temporal bone, zygomatic bone, maxillary bone
26
Atlanto-occipital joint
Cranial articulate foveae of atlas, "yes"
27
Atlanto-axial joint
Caudal articular foveae of atlas, Cranial articular foveae of axis, "no"
28
Which are the muscles of mastication ?
Temporalis m., masseter m., digastricus m., lateral/medial pterygoid mm.
29
What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
Mandibular nerve, and facial nerve (only caudal digastricus)
30
Muscles of facial expression?
Buccinator m., platysma m., orbicularis Oris m., orbicularis oculi m., levator nasolabialis m., zygomaticus m., frontalis m., rostral/caudal auricular mm.
31
Innervation of facial expression?
Facial nerve
32
Neuron
Nerve cell = cell body and cell process
33
Synapse
Connection between neurons
34
Ganglion
Neuronal cell bodies in PMS
35
Nerves
Axons/cell processes in PNS
36
Nucleus
Neuronal cell bodies in CNS
37
Tracts
Axons/processes in CNS
38
What is the name of the space in front of the teeth?
Vestibule
39
What is the main mouth cavity called?
Oral cavity proper
40
What ligament joints the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage?
Cricothyroid ligament
41
Which cartilage runs between the cartilage and trachea?
Cricotracheal ligament
42
What is the space between the 2 ligaments involved in vocalisation?
Laryngeal ventricle
43
What suspends the larynx?
Thyrohyoid membrane
44
What muscle does cranial laryngeal n. Innervate?
Cricothyroideus m.
45
Neurocranium
Bones surrounding brain
46
Name of the dividing line of the 2 hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
47
Cerebral cortex
Perception, voluntary movement
48
Brainstem function?
ANS, Arousal and sleep
49
Cerebellum function?
Motor coordination, timing, planning
50
Where is the vitreous chamber?
Behind the lens
51
What sits infront of the iris?
Anterior chamber
52
Behind the iris?
Posterior chamber
53
Cornea
Has a hydrophobic layer, hydrophilic layer, then another hydrophobic layer in order to keep liquid inside the cornea but not let any escape. Should be clear, refractable and avascular
54
Circular and straight muscles within the eyeball itself are innervates by what?
The oculomotor nerve (CN III)
55
Inner ear?
Controls actual hearing/balance
56
Where do the carotid arteries supply?
Common carotid becomes internal which goes to the brain, and external which goes to the rest of the head. Internal tends to branch off first
57
External carotid a. Branches?
External carotid -> maxillary a -> infra orbital a.
External carotid -> lingual a (tongue)
External carotid -> facial a (most of face)
E.c. -> occipital
58
What is the name of the dura that covers the hemispheres of the brain?
Falx cerebri
59
Dura that covers the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
60
How many glands are there in the head?
5 - Parotid, Mandibular, Sublingual and Zygomatic salivary glands and the Lacrimal gland.
61
What are the lymph nodes in the head?
Parotid lymph node (in front of the parotid salivary gland), Mandibular Lymphocentre (Rostral to the Mandibular salivary gland) and the Retropharyngeal Lymphocentre (ventral to the parotid salivary).
62
What are the spinal nerve functions?
Somatic - Motor to skeletal mm. and General sensory to skin.
| Autonomic - Sympathetic, sweat glands, smooth mm., arrector pili mm.
63
What are the cranial nerve functions?
The 5 senses
Somatic - Motor - head/neck, general sensory - skin of head
Autonomic - Parasympathetic, salivary/mucous/tear glands, smooth mm., cardiac mm.,
64
Where are the motor cell bodies of each nerve found?
```
Spinal = Ventral horn in CNS
Cranial = Nuclei found in the brainstem
```
65
Where are the sensory cell bodies of each nerve type found?
```
Spinal = Dorsal root ganglia in PNS
Cranial = Ganglia in PNS
```
66
Where do they leave?
```
Spinal = Intervertebral foramen
Cranial = Foramen in the skull
```
67
What are the 4 cranial nerve functions?
General sensory, Special sensory, motor, Autonomic (Parasympathetic only)
68
Which cranial nerves are involved in taste?
CN VII (facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus)
69
How many branches of the CN III (Oculomotor) are there?
2 - Dorsal - supplying the rectus mm., and the ventral oblique m. of the eye,
Ventral - goes to pupil via Long/short ciliary nn.
70
How many branches of V1 (Ophthalmic)?
3 - Nasociliary n., Lacrimal n., and Frontal n.
| (In eq, bov) - also supraorbital n.
71
Branches of the V2 (Maxillary)?
3- 1 Before infraorbital: Zygomatic n. -> Facial branch and temporal branch
After infraorbital: Major/lesser Palatine nn., Caudal nasal n.
72
Branches of the V3 (Mandibular)?
5 - Auriculotemporal n. which has a communicating branch with the facial n.,
Buccal n., and then one stem which breaks into 3 - Lingual n., Inferior Alveolar n., and Mylohyoid n. (Think B LIM)
73
What are the modified tracheal rings of the larynx?
The cartilages - Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid, Epiglottic
74
What mm. does the caudal laryngeal n. innervate?
Dorsal/lateral Cricoarytenoid mm.
75
What does the Vagus nerve branch into?
The cranial and recurrent laryngeal nn (which becomes caudal after the laryngeal mm.)
76
What are the four extrinsic mm. of the Hyoid apparatus?
1. Sternohyoid
2. Thyrohyoid
3. Mylohyoid
4. Geniohyoid
77
What does the auditory tube connect?
The nasopharynx to the middle ear
78
What are the 4 constrictor mm. of the pharynx?
1. Palatopharyngeus
2. Hyopharyngeus
3. Thyropharyngeus
4. Cricopharyngeus
79
What is the dilator m. of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus
80
What produces the CSF?
75% - Choroid plexuses in the ventricles
81
What aa. supply blood to the brain?
Vertebral aa. (from the Subclavian), Basilar a., and the Internal Carotid aa.
82
Which arteries make up the cerebral arterial circle?
Rostral cerebral aa. (by the optic chiasm), middle cerebral aa., caudal communicating aa (make up the sides of the circle), caudal cerebral aa., and then rostral cerebellar aa. Basilar a feeds from the caudal portion.
83
Nerve pathway in the head?
External Jugular -> Linguofacial -> Lingual (continues as facial)
External Jugular -> Maxillary
84
Difference between carnivore and ruminant nasal sinuses?
Car. have only one opening into the nasal cavity for both the Maxillary and Frontal sinus whereas rum. have multiple openings.
85
Equine Sinuses?
Frontal (beneath frontal bone), Nasal cavity (rostral to this) and the Maxillary sinus (below the nasal cavity).
86
Tongue is innervated by what?
Motor - Hypoglossal (XII)
General Sensory - Mandibular (V3), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)
Taste - Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)
87
What are lingual papilla and how are they different in cats?
Taste buds, and cats have Filiform papillae for grooming
88
Brachyodont?
Short crowned teeth
89
Hypsodont
High crowned teeth
90
Rods vs Cones?
```
Rods = black and white
Cones = colour
```
91
Middle ear contains?
Auditory tube, Tympanic membrane (ear drum) - seperates internal and external ear, 3 ossicles
92
What are the branches of the Facial N. (CN VII)
1. Auriculopalpebral n. (goes to the caudal eye and rostral ear).
2. Ventral/Dorsal buccal nn.
3. Chorda Tympani n.
93
What is the orbitorotundum?
It is a bovine feature composed of the orbital fissure and round foramen
94
What is the foramen lacerum?
It is an equine feature composed of the Jugular foramen, carotid canal?, and oval foramen
