Head & Neck Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What are the two heads from which the sternocleidomastoid arises?
A
Medial (sternal tendinous head) and lateral (clavicular fleshy head)
The medial head originates from the upper anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum, while the lateral head arises from the upper surface of the medial third of the clavicle.
2
Q
Where does the sternocleidomastoid insert?
A
Lateral surface of mastoid process
This insertion allows for its various actions on the head and neck.
3
Q
What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid when acting bilaterally?
A
Extends head at atlanto-occipital joints and flexes neck
This action occurs when both sides of the muscle contract simultaneously.
4
Q
What happens when the sternocleidomastoid acts unilaterally?
A
Side bends head and neck to same side and rotates to opposite side
This allows for lateral movement and rotation of the head.
5
Q
Fill in the blank: The sternocleidomastoid arises from the upper anterior surface of the manubrium of sternum and the upper surface of the medial third of _______.
A
clavicle
The clavicle is specifically the site of origin for the lateral head of the muscle.
6
Q
What is the origin of the upper fibers of the trapezius?
A
External occipital protuberance, medial third of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spine of C7
The upper fibers originate from specific anatomical landmarks of the skull and cervical spine.
7
Q
What is the origin of the middle fibers of the trapezius?
A
Spines of T1-T5
The middle fibers originate from the thoracic spine.
8
Q
What is the origin of the lower fibers of the trapezius?
A
Spines of T6-T12
The lower fibers originate from the lower thoracic spine.
9
Q
Where do the upper fibers of the trapezius insert?
A
Lateral third of clavicle
This insertion allows the upper fibers to influence shoulder movement.
10
Q
Where do the middle fibers of the trapezius insert?
A
Acromion and crest of spine of scapula
The middle fibers play a role in scapular movement.
11
Q
Where do the lower fibers of the trapezius insert?
A
Aponeurosis at medial end of spine of scapula
This insertion supports the lower fibers’ function in scapular movement.
12
Q
What action do the upper fibers of the trapezius perform?
A
Elevate, retract, and rotate scapula upward
Additionally, with insertion fixed, they can extend, side bend to the same side, and rotate the head to the opposite side.
13
Q
What action do the middle fibers of the trapezius perform?
A
Retract scapula
The middle fibers are primarily responsible for pulling the scapula toward the spine.
14
Q
What action do the lower fibers of the trapezius perform?
A
Retract, depress, and rotate scapula upward
These actions are crucial for scapular stabilization and movement.
15
Q
What nerves innervate the trapezius?
A
Spinal accessory n. (XIth cranial n.) and ventral rami of C2, 3, 4
The spinal accessory nerve is crucial for motor function, while the ventral rami provide additional sensory and motor innervation.
16
Q
What are the four types of rectus muscles in the extraocular muscles?
A
Lateral rectus, Medial rectus, Superior rectus, Inferior rectus
These muscles control various movements of the pupil.
17
Q
What is the function of the lateral rectus muscle?
A
Abducts pupil (look outward)
This muscle allows the eye to move laterally.
18
Q
What does the medial rectus muscle do?
A
Adducts pupil (look in)
This muscle allows the eye to move medially.
19
Q
What is the function of the superior rectus muscle?
A
Adducts and elevates (look up and in)
This muscle helps in elevating the eye while looking inwards.
20
Q
What does the inferior rectus muscle do?
A
Adducts and depresses (look down and in)
This muscle allows the eye to move downward while also moving inward.
21
Q
What is the function of the superior oblique muscle?
A
Abducts and depresses (look down and out)
This muscle allows the eye to move downward and laterally.
22
Q
What does the inferior oblique muscle do?
A
Abducts and elevates (look up and out)
This muscle helps in elevating the eye while looking outward.
23
Q
What is the role of the levator palpebrae superioris?
A
Raises the upper lid
This muscle is responsible for lifting the eyelid.
24
Q
What is the antagonist of the levator palpebrae superioris?
A
Orbicularis oculi
This muscle closes the eyelid.
25
Which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
## Footnote
This nerve is responsible for lateral eye movement.
26
Which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
## Footnote
This nerve is responsible for the movement of the superior oblique muscle.
27
Which cranial nerve innervates the superior, inferior, and medial recti, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris?
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
## Footnote
This nerve controls most of the eye's movements.
28
Fill in the blank: The extraocular muscles include four rectus muscles and two _______.
obliques
## Footnote
These are the superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles.
29
What are the two bellies of the digastric muscle?
Anterior and posterior bellies
30
What connects the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle?
Intermediate tendon
31
Which cranial nerve innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
CN V3 (mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar nerve)
32
Which cranial nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
CN VII
33
What is the nerve supply for Stylohyoid?
CN VII
## Footnote
The Stylohyoid muscle is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).
34
What is the nerve supply for Mylohyoid?
CN V3 (mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar nerve)
## Footnote
The Mylohyoid muscle receives its innervation from a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3).
35
What is the nerve supply for Geniohyoid?
Branch of ventral ramus of C1
## Footnote
The Geniohyoid muscle is innervated by a branch of the first cervical nerve (C1).
36
What are the four pairs of infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid
37
Which infrahyoid muscles are classified as long superficial muscles?
Sternohyoid and Omohyoid
38
Which infrahyoid muscles are classified as short deep muscles?
Sternothyroid and Thyrohyoid
39
What is the defining feature of the Omohyoid muscle?
It has superior and inferior bellies connected at an angle by an intermediate tendon.
40
Where is the intermediate tendon of the Omohyoid muscle held?
To the clavicle by a fascial band.
41
Fill in the blank: The Omohyoid muscle has _______ and inferior bellies.
superior
42
True or False: The Omohyoid muscle is connected to the sternum.
False
43
What is the primary function of the infrahyoid muscles during swallowing?
They depress the hyoid and larynx after elevation by the suprahyoid muscles.
44
Which nerve innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
The ansa cervicalis.
45
What forms the loop of the ansa cervicalis?
Branches from the ventral rami of C1, C2, and C3.
46
What are the components of the ansa cervicalis loop?
* Superior root from C1
* Inferior root from C2 and C3
47
How does the C1 nerve root innervate the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles?
C1 'piggybacks' on the hypoglossal nerve and then jumps off.
48
True or False: The infrahyoid muscles depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing.
True
49
What is the action of Longus colli when acting bilaterally?
Flexes neck
## Footnote
Longus colli acts bilaterally to flex the neck.
50
What is the action of Longus colli when acting unilaterally?
Side bends neck to same side and rotates to opposite side
## Footnote
Longus colli pulls transverse processes forward when acting unilaterally.
51
Which nerves innervate Longus colli?
Ventral rami of cervical nerves (C2-6)
## Footnote
Longus colli is innervated by cervical nerves C2 to C6.
52
What is the origin of Longus capitis?
Anterior transverse tubercles of C3-6
## Footnote
Longus capitis originates from the anterior transverse tubercles of cervical vertebrae C3 to C6.
53
What is the insertion point of Longus capitis?
Inferior surface of basilar occipital bone
## Footnote
Longus capitis inserts at the inferior surface of the basilar occipital bone.
54
What is the action of Longus capitis when acting bilaterally?
Flexes head and neck
## Footnote
Longus capitis acts bilaterally to flex both the head and neck.
55
What is the action of Longus capitis when acting unilaterally?
Side bends and rotates head and neck to same side
## Footnote
Longus capitis pulls occiput backward when acting unilaterally.
56
Which nerves innervate Longus capitis?
Ventral rami of cervical nerves (C1-3)
## Footnote
Longus capitis is innervated by cervical nerves C1 to C3.
57
What is the action of Rectus capitis anterior?
Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joints
## Footnote
Rectus capitis anterior primarily flexes the head at the atlanto-occipital joint.
58
Which nerves innervate Rectus capitis anterior?
Ventral rami of cervical nerves (C1-C2)
## Footnote
Rectus capitis anterior is innervated by cervical nerves C1 to C2.
59
What is the action of Rectus capitis lateralis?
Side bends head to same side
## Footnote
Rectus capitis lateralis facilitates side bending of the head.
60
Which nerves innervate Rectus capitis lateralis?
Ventral rami of cervical nerves (C1-C2)
## Footnote
Rectus capitis lateralis is innervated by cervical nerves C1 to C2.
61
What is the origin of the Scalenus anterior?
Anterior transverse tubercles of C3-6
## Footnote
The Scalenus anterior originates from the anterior transverse tubercles of the cervical vertebrae.
62
What is the insertion point of the Scalenus anterior?
Scalene tubercle and ridge on upper surface of first rib anterior to groove for subclavian artery
## Footnote
This muscle inserts on the first rib, which plays a role in rib movement.
63
Which scalene muscle is the largest and longest?
Scalenus medius
## Footnote
The Scalenus medius is known for its size and length compared to the other scalene muscles.
64
What is the origin of the Scalenus medius?
Posterior transverse tubercles of C2-7
## Footnote
This muscle originates from the posterior aspects of the cervical vertebrae.
65
Where does the Scalenus medius insert?
Upper surface of first rib behind subclavian groove
## Footnote
The insertion point is crucial for its function in rib elevation.
66
Which scalene muscle is the smallest and deepest?
Scalenus posterior
## Footnote
The Scalenus posterior is characterized by its size and depth in the neck.
67
What is the origin of the Scalenus posterior?
Posterior transverse tubercles of C4-6
## Footnote
This muscle originates from the posterior tubercles of the cervical vertebrae.
68
What is the insertion point of the Scalenus posterior?
Outer border of second rib behind serratus anterior
## Footnote
The insertion allows it to assist in rib movement.
69
What actions do the scalenes perform when acting from below with the ribs fixed?
Flex the cervical spine, side bend it to the same side, and rotate to the same side
## Footnote
These actions are important for cervical spine mobility.
70
What do the scalenes do when acting from above with the cervical spine fixed?
Elevate the upper two ribs during inspiration
## Footnote
This function is essential for the respiratory process.
71
How are the scalenes innervated?
By branches from ventral rami of cervical nerves (C3-8)
## Footnote
This innervation is crucial for muscle function and control.
72
What muscle pulls the scalp back?
Occipitalis
73
What is the function of the frontalis muscle?
Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead producing expressions of surprise, fright, and horror
74
What is the role of the orbicularis oculi?
Closes the lids as in winking, blinking, and sleeping
75
What do levator labii superioris and levator anguli oris do?
Raise and evert the upper lip and corner of the mouth producing a sneering or snarling expression
76
What are the functions of zygomaticus major and minor?
Retract and raise the corner of the mouth as in grinning, smiling, or laughing
77
What muscles depress the lower lip and corner of the mouth?
Depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, and mentalis
78
Which muscle alone protrudes and everts the lower lip?
Mentalis
79
What is the role of orbicularis oris?
Closes the lips and purses them for blowing
80
What is the function of the buccinator muscle?
Compresses the cheek against the teeth preventing food from accumulating in the cheeks
81
What does the platysma muscle do?
Tightens the skin of the neck, draws down the lower lip and corner of the mouth producing a grimace
82
Fill in the blank: The platysma extends from the fascia of the upper part of the thorax to the _______.
Lower border of the mandible and lower lip
83
True or False: The buccinator muscle is the blowing muscle.
True
84
What does the supraorbital nerve supply?
Subcutaneous tissue and skin of the forehead and scalp as far back as the vertex; mucosa of the frontal sinus
## Footnote
The supraorbital nerve exits the skull through the supraorbital foramen/notch.
85
What does the infraorbital nerve supply?
Skin of the upper cheek, mucosa of the maxillary sinus, upper lip, most of the maxillary teeth and adjacent gums, lower lid, and lateral side of the nose
## Footnote
The infraorbital nerve exits the skull through the infraorbital foramen.
86
What are the sensory branches of V3?
* Auriculotemporal nerve
* Buccal nerve
* Mental nerve
## Footnote
V3 has both motor and sensory branches.
87
What does the auriculotemporal nerve supply?
TMJ, auricle, and temporal region
## Footnote
The auriculotemporal nerve also conveys postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers for saliva production.
88
What anatomical structure does the auriculotemporal nerve encircle?
Middle meningeal artery
## Footnote
The auriculotemporal nerve passes through the parotid gland.
89
What area does the buccal nerve supply?
A small area of skin and mucous membrane of the cheek
## Footnote
The buccal nerve runs anteriorly over the buccinator muscle.
90
What does the mental nerve supply?
Skin of the chin, skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip and gum
## Footnote
The mental nerve exits the mandible through the mental foramen.
91
What muscles do the motor branches of V3 innervate?
* Masseter
* Temporalis
* Medial pterygoid
* Lateral pterygoid
## Footnote
V3 has both motor and sensory branches.
92
What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?
A disorder of the sensory root of CN V.
93
What is the origin of the Masseter muscle?
Lower border and medial surface of zygomatic arch
## Footnote
The Masseter muscle is one of the primary muscles involved in chewing.
94
Where does the Masseter muscle insert?
Lateral surface of coronoid process, ramus and angle of mandible
## Footnote
The insertion point allows the Masseter to effectively elevate the mandible.
95
What is the primary action of the Masseter muscle?
Elevates mandible (closing mouth)
## Footnote
It also assists in lateral deviation to the same side and can protrude the mandible.
96
What is the origin of the Temporalis muscle?
Most of temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia
## Footnote
The Temporalis muscle is crucial for the movement of the jaw.
97
Where does the Temporalis muscle insert?
Coronoid process and anterior border of ramus
## Footnote
This allows for effective elevation and retraction of the mandible.
98
What actions are performed by the anterior and posterior fibers of the Temporalis muscle?
Anterior fibers elevate mandible; posterior fibers retract mandible
## Footnote
Both sets of fibers also allow for lateral deviation to the same side.
99
What is the origin of the Lateral pterygoid muscle?
Small upper head from infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid; larger lower head from lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
## Footnote
The Lateral pterygoid plays a key role in chewing and jaw movements.
100
Where does the Lateral pterygoid muscle insert?
Upper head to articular capsule and disc of temporomandibular joint; lower head to neck of mandible
## Footnote
This insertion allows it to assist in jaw movements.
101
What are the actions of the Lateral pterygoid muscle?
Both heads draw mandible towards opposite side; produce side-to-side grinding movements; protrusion
## Footnote
The upper head maintains disc position, while the lower head depresses the mandible.
102
What is the origin of the Medial pterygoid muscle?
Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
## Footnote
The Medial pterygoid works in conjunction with other muscles for jaw movements.
103
Where does the Medial pterygoid muscle insert?
Medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible as high as mandibular foramen
## Footnote
This positioning allows for effective elevation and closure of the mouth.
104
What actions are performed by the Medial pterygoid muscle?
Lateral deviation to the opposite side; protrudes and elevates mandible/closes mouth
## Footnote
It plays a significant role in the overall function of mastication.
105
What is the lateral temporomandibular ligament?
A thickening of the capsule that slopes down and back from the tubercle of the zygoma to the lateral surface and posterior border of the mandibular neck.
106
What is the blood supply for the lateral temporomandibular ligament?
Superficial temporal and maxillary arteries.
107
Which nerves innervate the lateral temporomandibular ligament?
Auriculotemporal and masseteric branches of V3 (mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve).
108
What is the action of the Tensor veli palatini?
Tenses soft palate and opens mouth of auditory tube during swallowing and yawning.
109
What nerve innervates the Tensor veli palatini?
V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve; medial pterygoid n).
110
What is the action of the Levator veli palatini?
Elevates soft palate during swallowing and yawning.
111
Which nerve innervates the Levator veli palatini?
Vagus nerve (CN X; pharyngeal branch).
112
What is the action of the Palatoglossus?
Elevates posterior part of tongue and draws soft palate onto tongue during swallowing.
113
Which nerve innervates the Palatoglossus?
Vagus nerve (CN X; pharyngeal branch).
114
What is the action of the Palatopharyngeus?
Elevates (shortens and widens) pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking.
115
Which nerve innervates the Palatopharyngeus?
Vagus nerve (CN X; pharyngeal branch).
116
What is the action of the Musculus uvulae?
Elevates uvula.
117
Which nerve innervates the Musculus uvulae?
Vagus nerve (CN X).
118
What is the action of the genioglossus muscle?
Protrudes apex of tongue from mouth
## Footnote
Genioglossus is a large fan-shaped muscle.
119
Which nerve innervates the genioglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
## Footnote
This nerve is responsible for the motor function of the tongue muscles.
120
What is the action of the hyoglossus muscle?
Depresses tongue
## Footnote
Hyoglossus plays a key role in tongue movement.
121
Which nerve innervates the hyoglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
## Footnote
The same nerve that innervates the genioglossus.
122
What is the action of the styloglossus muscle?
Draws tongue upwards and backwards
## Footnote
Styloglossus helps in tongue positioning.
123
Which nerve innervates the styloglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
## Footnote
Consistent innervation across all three muscles discussed.
124
Which nerve innervates maxillary teeth?
Branches of V2 (maxillary nerve)
## Footnote
V2 is one of the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).
125
Which nerve innervates mandibular teeth?
A branch of V3 (mandibular nerve)
## Footnote
V3 is the third division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).
126
What is the action of the superior constrictor?
Constricts upper pharynx
## Footnote
The superior constrictor is important for swallowing.
127
Which nerve innervates the superior constrictor?
Vagus nerve (CN X; pharyngeal branch)
## Footnote
CN X is responsible for various functions including swallowing.
128
What is the action of the middle constrictor?
Constricts lower pharynx
## Footnote
This muscle contributes to the swallowing process.
129
Which nerve innervates the middle constrictor?
Vagus nerve (CN X; pharyngeal branch)
## Footnote
The pharyngeal branch of CN X innervates all pharyngeal constrictors.
130
What is the action of the inferior constrictor?
Constricts lower pharynx
## Footnote
It plays a crucial role in the swallowing mechanism.
131
Which nerve innervates the inferior constrictor?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
## Footnote
The inferior constrictor is the last of the pharyngeal constrictors.
132
What is the action of the stylopharyngeus?
Elevates (shortens and widens) pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking
## Footnote
This muscle helps in the movement of the pharynx and larynx.
133
Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
## Footnote
CN IX is responsible for motor control of the stylopharyngeus.
134
What is the action of the palatopharyngeus?
Elevates (shortens and widens) pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking
## Footnote
It also assists in the closure of the nasopharynx.
135
Which nerve innervates the palatopharyngeus?
Vagus nerve (CN X; pharyngeal branch)
## Footnote
This muscle is also considered part of the muscles of the soft palate.
136
What is the action of the salpingopharyngeus?
Elevates (shortens and widens) pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking; opens auditory tube
## Footnote
It helps equalize pressure in the middle ear.
137
Which nerve innervates the salpingopharyngeus?
Vagus nerve (CN X; pharyngeal branch)
## Footnote
This muscle is involved in both swallowing and auditory function.
138
What is the action of the Cricothyroid muscle?
Stretches and tenses vocal fold
## Footnote
Innervated by the external laryngeal nerve.
139
Which nerve innervates the Cricothyroid muscle?
External laryngeal n.
## Footnote
This nerve is responsible for motor function to the Cricothyroid.
140
What is the action of the Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Abducts vocal fold
## Footnote
This action opens the vocal cords during breathing.
141
Which nerve innervates the Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
Recurrent laryngeal n.
## Footnote
This nerve is crucial for the function of several intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
142
What is the action of the Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
Adducts vocal fold
## Footnote
This action brings the vocal cords together.
143
What is the action of the Thyroarytenoid muscle?
Shortens (relaxes) vocal ligaments
## Footnote
This muscle plays a role in modulating pitch.
144
What is the action of the Transverse and oblique arytenoids?
Adduction of vocal ligaments
## Footnote
They work to close the vocal cords during phonation.
145
What is the action of the Vocalis muscle?
Shortens (relaxes) vocal ligaments
## Footnote
This muscle fine-tunes the tension of the vocal cords.
146
What nerve arises from the vagus nerve and divides into two branches?
Superior laryngeal nerve
## Footnote
The two branches are the internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve.
147
What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve
## Footnote
These branches provide different functions related to sensory and motor innervation.
148
What does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?
Sensory innervation from the mucous membrane above the vocal folds and taste fibers from the epiglottis
## Footnote
It also pierces the thyrohyoid membrane.
149
What type of fibers does the internal laryngeal nerve carry for taste?
SVA (Special Visceral Afferent)
## Footnote
This includes taste fibers from the epiglottis.
150
What is the function of the external laryngeal nerve?
Motor supply to the cricothyroid muscle
## Footnote
This nerve carries SVE (Special Visceral Efferent) fibers.
151
What nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
## Footnote
It arises from the vagus nerve and has a specific looping path depending on the side.
152
Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve loop on the right side?
Around the right subclavian artery
## Footnote
On the left side, it loops around the arch of the aorta.
153
What type of sensory innervation does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
Below the vocal cord (GVA)
## Footnote
GVA stands for General Visceral Afferent.
