Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy > Head & Neck 2 > Flashcards

Head & Neck 2 Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

label what u can from the pharynx and larynx

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx and where are they?
their levels

A

nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavity
oropharynx - postrior to oral cavity
laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx and where are they?
their levels

A

nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavity c1-2
oropharynx - postrior to oral cavity c2-3
laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx c4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the most superior division of the pharynx?
what are its posterior, inferior and superior location

its function?
what is it lined by?

what are its prominent features

A

Location:
* Posterior to the nasal cavity
* Continuous with the nasal cavity via the choana
* Inferior to the sphenoid bone
* Superior to the level of the soft palate

function:
* Serves as an air passageway

  • Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar
    epithelium –> propelling mucus

Prominent features:
*Pharyngeal tonsils
*Opening of pharyngotympanic tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are choanae

A

opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx
internal nares which connect the oral cavity to the nasal passages and are crucial for proper nasal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the Pharyngotympanic Tube
its 3 functions
what does it consist of

A

one of the prominent features of teh nasopharynx
* Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
* Equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
* Drains mucus from the middle ear

Consists of:
* Bony part (1/3rd)
* Cartilaginous part (remaining 2/3rd)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

A

inferior to the thyroid cartilage at C6
It is a complete ring
Note that trachea starts at C6-T12 but is made of hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the different divisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx = respiration
Oropharynx = Digestion and respiration
Laryngopharynx = Digestion and respiration
cc to ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is otitis media common in children?

A

Chronic infectious/inflammatory disease of the middle ear in kids bc 10 degrees of pharyngotympanic tube

pharyngotympanic tube opens at less acute angle (10 degrees). is more horizontal and flat
Therefore more likely to lead to stasis which can cause infections

in adults it opens at 35 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the middle division of the pharynx?
its location?

function
what cell lining?

and prominent features

A

Location:
* Posterior to the oral cavity
* Inferior to the level of the soft palate
* Superior to the upper margin of the epiglottis

  • Serves as an air and food passageway
  • Lined by stratified squamous epithelium –> provides protection

Prominent features:
*Palatine tonsils
*Lingual tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

label correctly and what is shown?

A

the oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the most inferior division of the pharynx?
location?
function?
what is it lined by?

A

Laryngopharynx

Location:
* Posterior to the larynx
* Extends to the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage
* Continuous with the esophagus and larynx

  • Serves as an air and food passageway
  • Lined by stratified squamous epithelium–> provides protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the cell lining change from between nasophraynx to oropharynx?

A

from Ciliated pseudostratified Columnar epithelium to Stratified Squamous epithelium

CC to SS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the two types of muscle in the pharynx and the 3 types in each (with names)

A

outer circular:
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
- superior
- middle
- inferior (has 2 parts: thyropharayngeal and cricopharyngeal)

inner longtidudinal:
pharyngeal longtidudinal muscles
- stylopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
- salpingopharyngeus

STYLish PAL SAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

label the three constrictor muscles

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

origin, insertion, function and innervation of the three constrictor muscles:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

origin, insertion, function and innervation of the three longtidudanal muscles

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

label the three longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

label all 6 muscles of the pharynx

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is this highlighted area? what is it?

A

soft palate - soft mobile flap that rises to close off teh nasopharynx during swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the function of the soft palate muscles:
levator veni palatani muscle
tensor veli palatani muscle

A

levator - elevates palate during swallowing
tensor - tenses palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the gag reflex?

A

Involuntary reflex involving bilateral pharyngeal muscle contraction and elevation of the soft palate to expel foreign substances/bodies that irritated the oropharynx, posterior 1/3rd of tongue or tonsillar area or soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what level is the hyoid bone?

A

C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the attachments of the larynx

A

superiorly = hyoid bone (C3)
inferiorly = trachea (C6)
posteriorlu = laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the two types of cartilage that the larynx is made of? what are these?
unpaired: - thyroid - cricoid - epiglottis paired: - arytenoid - corniculate - cuneiform cunts communicate arrogantly
26
label the cartilages, what type are they?
unpaired
27
what is the thyroid cartilage? what is its location? what type of cartilage?
Largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage Connects to the hyoid bone via the thyrohyoid membrane Location: * Vertebral Level: C4/C5 * Inferior to the hyoid bone (C3) * Superior to the cricoid cartilage (C6) Type of cartilage: * Hyaline
28
what are the major anatomical features of the thyroid cartilage? label them:
Major Anatomical Features: * Lateral laminae (n=2) * Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple): Formed by the fusion of the 2 lateral laminae * Thyroid notch * Oblique line: attachment for sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor * Superior horns: Provides attachment for the thyrohyoid membrane * Inferior horns: Articulates with the cricoid cartilage to form the cricothyroid joint
29
differenec between men and women in regard to laryngeal prominence
females: - laryngeal prominence (laminae of thyroid cartilage) meet at 120 degrees males: - laminae of thyroid cartilage meet at 90 degrees
30
what cartilage is this? label its parts. location? major anatomical features? type of cartilage?
unpaired - cricoid cartilage Only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring Location: Vertebral Level: C6 Major Anatomical Features: Shape: Signet Arch (anteriorly) Lamina (posteriorly) * Superior border of lamina : Articulates with the arytenoid cartilage to form the cricoarytenoid joint *Inferior border of lamina: Articulates with the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage to form the cricothyroid joint Type of cartilage: Hyaline
31
what cartilage is this? shape? function? type of cartilage?
Shape: Pear Function: Helps prevent foreign bodies from entering the larynx Type of cartilage: Elastic
32
what are the connections of the epiglottis? there is 2. USE THE NAMES of the things
Connections with the: Thyroid cartilage via thyroepiglottic ligament Hyoid bone via hyoepiglottic ligament
33
label these cartilages, what are they?
paired cartlages - only seen posteriorly * Arytenoid cartilages * Corniculate cartilages * Cuneiform cartilages
34
what cartilages are these? label
Paired arytenoid 3 surfaces: * Anterolateral * Posterior * Medial Apex * Superior extension of the cartilage * Consists of elastic cartilage * Articulates with the corniculate cartilage * Base * Broad surface of the cartilage * Articulates with the cricoid cartilage * Has a muscular process (lateral process) that extends laterally and serves as a muscular attachment for the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle * Has a vocal process (anterior process) that extends anteriorly and gives rise to the true vocal cords * Composed of hyaline cartilage except a small portion of the vocal process
35
label and what are these (location)?
Corniculate cartilage * Paired * Lies on the apex of the arytenoid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage * Paired * Lies superior to the corniculate cartilage
36
what are the 2 membranes of the larynx
Membranes: * Thyrohyoid membrane * Quadrangular membrane
37
label what u can and explain function
Thyrohyoid membrane * Between the superior border of the thyroid laminae and superior horns to the body and great horns of the hyoid bone * Assists the ascent of larynx during swallowing * Medial portion of the membrane thickens to form the median thyrohyoid ligament * Lateral thyrohyoid ligaments form the posterior borders of the membrane * Allows passage of the internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels
38
whats labelled? function what does it consist of what is ir surrounded by what is superior to it?
true vocal cords - active in sound production? * Flaps of tissue located in the larynx * There are two true vocal cords/ folds in the laryngeal cavity * Allow for phonation * Each vocal cord consists of a: * Vocalis ligament * Vocalis muscle * Mucous membrane Vocal cords are surrounded by laryngeal cartilages Superior to the vocal cords are the paired false vocal cords/folds
39
label
40
what is this? function?
Rima Glottis * AKA rima glottidis * Opening between the true vocal cords * Vibration of the true vocal cords when air is forced through the rima glottidis produces sound
41
how do true vocal cords look when at rest vs phonation?
42
what is labelled in green? function
False Vocal Cords * AKA as vestibular folds * Folds of mucosal membrane * Superior to the vocal cords (true cords) * Cover the vestibular ligaments * Do not contribute to phonation * Provide protection to true vocal cords
43
there are two types of muscles, extrinsic and intrinsic - what are the various forms of extrinsic muscle of the larynx?
Suprahyoid muscles (N=4): * Geniohyoid * Mylohyoid * Stylohyoid * Digastric: * Anterior belly * Posterior belly Generally My Style Digs Infrahyoid muscles (N=4): * Sternohyoid * Sternothyroid * Thyrohyoid * Omohyoid: * Superior belly * Inferior belly *The suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are paired (4 on each side)
44
what muscle is shown? origin insertion action innervation
Geniohyoid muscle Origin: inferior mental spine of mandible Insertion: body of hyoid bone Action: depresses mandible; elevates hyoid bone Innervation: 1st cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve
45
which msucle is shown origin insertion action innervation
Mylohyoid muscle Origin: mylohyoid line of mandible Insertion: body of hyoid bone Action: depresses mandible; elevates hyoid bone ;elevates floor of mouth Innervation: mylohyoid nerve (branch of CNV3)
46
hwo does mylohyoid muscle originate?
from mylohyoid line
47
what muscle is shown? origin insertion action innervation
Stylohyoid muscle Origin: styloid process of temporal bone Insertion: body of hyoid bone Action: elevates hyoid bone Innervation: stylohyoid nerve (branch of CNVII)
48
what muscle is shown? how many parts? origins insertions actions innervations
Digastric muscle *Anterior belly *Posterior belly Origin of anterior belly: digastric fossa of mandible Insertion: intermediate tendon of digastric muscle Action: depresses mandible; elevates hyoid bone Innervation: digastric nerve (branch of CNV3) Origin of posterior belly: mastoid notch of temporal bone Insertion: intermediate tendon of digastric muscle Action: depresses mandible; elevates hyoid bone Innervation: digastric nerve (branch of CNVII)
49
what muscles are shown?
50
what muscle is shown? origin insertion action innervation
Sternohyoid muscle Origin: sternal end of clavicle and posterior surface of manubrium of sternum Insertion: inferior border of body of hyoid bone Action: depresses hyoid bone Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)
51
what is ansa cervicalis?
Loop of nerve fibers from cervical nerves C1-C3 Begins as branches from the cervical nerve C1 join the hypoglossal nerve after it exits the skull
52
what muscle is shown? origin insertion action innervation
Sternothyroid muscle Origin: posterior surface of manubrium of sternum Insertion: oblique line of thyroid cartilage Action: depresses larynx Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)
53
what muscle is shown origin insertion action innervation
Thyrohyoid muscle Origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage Insertion: inferior aspect of body and great horns of hyoid bone Action: depresses hyoid bone; elevates larynx Innervation: Branch of anterior rami of C1 which accompanies hypoglossal nerve
54
what muscle is shown? its parts origin insertion action innervation
Omohyoid muscle *Superior belly *Inferior belly Superior belly: Origin: intermediate tendon of omohyoid muscle Insertion: body of hyoid bone Inferior belly: Origin: superior border of scapula, medial to suprascapular notch Insertion: intermediate tendon of omohyoid muscle Action: depresses hyoid bone Innervation: Ansa cervicalis [* C1 for sup. belly & C1-C3 for inf. belly]
55
what is shown?
infrahyoid muscles
56
what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Cricothyroid muscle Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle Transverse arytenoid muscle Oblique arytenoid muscle Thyroarytenoid muscle Vocalis muscle
57
what is this? its parts origin insertion function innervation
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Cricothyroid muscle - Straight part - Oblique part Origin: arch of cricoid cartilage Insertion: -Straight part: inferior margin of thyroid cartilage -Oblique part: inferior horn of thyroid cartilage Function: Draws thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly Lengthens and tenses vocal ligament Innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
58
what is this? origin insertion function innervation
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle Origin: posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage Insertion: posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage Function: Abduction and external rotation of the arytenoid cartilages (lengthens vocal folds & opens glottis) Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
59
what is this origin insertion function innervation
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle Origin: superior surface of arch of cricoid cartilage Insertion: anterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage Function: Internal rotation of arytenoid cartilages Adduction of vocal folds (shortens vocal folds) Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
60
what is this? origin insertion function innervation
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Transverse arytenoid muscle Origin: Lateral border of posterior surface of arytenoid cartilage Insertion: Lateral border of posterior surface of opposite arytenoid cartilage Function: Adduction of arytenoid cartilages Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
61
what is this origin insertion function innervation
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Oblique arytenoid muscle Origin: Posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage Insertion: Posterior surface of apex of adjacent arytenoid cartilage Function: Sphincter of the laryngeal inlet Oblique arytenoid muscles are highlighted in green Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
62
what is this origin insertion function innervation
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Thyroarytenoid muscle ]Origin: Angle of thyroid cartilage Insertion: Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage Function: Decreases tension on vocal ligaments Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
63
what is this? origin insertion function innervation
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx Vocalis muscle Origin: Lateral surface of vocal process of arytenoid cartilage Insertion: Vocal ligament and thyroid angle Function: Adjusts tension in vocal folds Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
64
what does the vagus nerve give rise to?
superiror laryngeal nerve inferior laryngeal nerve (aka recurrent laryngeal)
65
what is the superiro laryngeal nerve? its branches
* Originates from the inferior vagal trunk in the neck Branches: * Internal branch = Supplies sensory innervation to the larynx up until the level of the vocal folds * External branch = Supplies motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle
66
differnece between right and left course of laryngeal nerve
67
what is function of the recurrent laryngeal nerves
* Sensory innervation to the larynx below the level of the vocal folds * Motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid m.
68
what is thyroidectomy?
remove thyroid gland (partial or fully) in case of tumour - the structures close by are at risk of damage during the procedure Structures that can be potentially damaged during thyroidectomy: * Parathyroid glands * Nerves within the carotid sheath * Recurrent laryngeal nerves* * Cervical ganglia
69
what does injury to the Recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?
injury to 1 = hoarse voice injury to 2 = vocal cord paralysis

Clinical Anatomy (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions