Head & Neck Exam I

Question 1

What are the bony landmarks of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 1

C1 - occlusal plane
C2 - angle of mandible
C3 - hyoid bone
C4/C5 - thyroid cartilage
C6 - cricoid cartilage

Question 2

From the pterygopalatine fossa to the middle cranial fossa, you have to go through the ___.

Answer 2

foramen rotundum

Question 3

From the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal fossa, you have to go through the ___.

Answer 3

pterygomaxillary fissure

Question 4

From the pterygopalatine fossa to the nasal cavity, you have to go through the ___.

Answer 4

sphenopalatine foramen

Question 5

From the pterygopalatine fossa to the orbit, you have to go through the ___.

Answer 5

inferior orbital fissure

Question 6

From the pterygopalatine fossa to the palate, you have to go through the ___.

Answer 6

descending palatine canal

Question 7

From the pterygopalatine fossa to the middle cranial fossa, you have to go through the ___.

Answer 7

vidian canal

Question 8

From the pterygopalatine fossa to the nasopharynx, you have to go through the ___.

Answer 8

pharyngeal canal

Question 9

What prevents posterior displacement of the atlas and skull?

Answer 9

the dens

Question 10

What prevents anterior displacement of the atlas and skull?

Answer 10

transverse ligament of the atlas

Question 11

What is a hangman’s fracture?

Answer 11

fracture of pedicles of C2

Question 12

What is a Jefferson fracture?

Answer 12

compression fracture of C1

Question 13

What is a Clay shoveler’s fracture?

Answer 13

fracture of spinous process of C6 - T1

Question 14

The nerve to the mylohyoid is a branch of which nerve? What also branches off of this nerve?

Answer 14

V3; inferior alveolar nerve

Question 15

What muscles does the ansa cervicalis supply? What muscle in this group does it not supply?

Answer 15

Infrahyoid muscles - sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid

Thyroid - supplied by C1 branch that travels with CN XII

Question 16

What muscle is innervated by CN XII?

Answer 16

Geniohyoid (+ extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue)

Question 17

What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft become?

Answer 17

the external acoustic meatus

Question 18

What intracranial hemorrhage forms a biconcave shape? What blood supply is it from?

Answer 18

Epidural; middle meningeal artery

Question 19

What intracranial hemorrhage forms a concave shape? What blood supply is it from?

Answer 19

Subdural; bridging vein

Question 20

What intracranial hemorrhage forms an irregular shape? What blood supply is it from?

Answer 20

subarachnoid; cerebral arteries (circle of Willis)

Question 21

What makes up the vidian nerve?

Answer 21

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from great petrosal nerve of CN VII + postganglionic sympathetc fibers from deep petrosal nerve

Question 22

What nerves are in the cavernous sinus? Which is adjacent to the ICA?

Answer 22

CNs III, IV, V1, V2, VI; VI is adjacent to ICA

Question 23

What does the inferior oblique do?

Answer 23

Pulls eye up and out

Question 24

What does the superior oblique do?

Answer 24

Pulls eye down and out

Question 25

What direction do the superior rectus and inferior rectus both pull the eye?

Answer 25

Medially

Question 26

What nerves and muscles are involved in the blink reflex?

Answer 26

sensory - nasociliary (V1) or VIII (sound) or II (bright light) motor - CN VII - orbicularis oculi

Question 27

What are the motor branches of CN VII?

Answer 27

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical, posterior auricular

Question 28

The stapedius muscle is innervated by a branch of ___

Answer 28

CN VII

Question 29

The chorda tympani is a branch of ___

Answer 29

CN VII

Question 30

What are the nuclei and ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 30

- III: Edinger Westphal nucleus --> ciliary ganglion - VII: Superior salivatory nucleus --> pterygopalatine ganglion AND submandibular ganglion - IX: inferior salivatory nucleus --> otic ganglion

Question 31

The ciliary muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.

Answer 31

parasympathetically

Question 32

The dilator pupillae muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.

Answer 32

sympathetically

Question 33

The sphincter muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.

Answer 33

parasympathetically

Question 34

The superior tarsal muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.

Answer 34

sympathetically

Question 35

Which cranial nerves are used in the pupillary reflex?

Answer 35

CN II (sensory) and CN III (motor)

Question 36

What causes cleft lip?

Answer 36

Failure of intermaxillary prominence (fusion of medial nasal processes) to fuse with maxillary swelling

Question 37

What causes cleft palate?

Answer 37

Failure of the 2 palates to form (primary - intermaxillary segment of medial nasal processes; secondary - palatine shelves from maxillae grow inward to fuse in midline)

Question 38

Where do the flat bones of the skull derive from?

Answer 38

neural crest

Question 39

What cranial nerve is associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch?

Answer 39

CN V (V3 - lingual - sensory to mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue)

Question 40

What cranial nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

Answer 40

CN VII (chorda tympani - taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue)

Question 41

What cranial nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

Answer 41

CN IX (taste/general sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue)

Question 42

What cranial nerve is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?

Answer 42

CN X (taste and sensation from epiglottis)

Question 43

What cranial nerve is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch?

Answer 43

CN X (taste and sensation from epiglottis)

Question 44

What are the muscles of the tongue formed from?

Answer 44

occipital somites (not pharyngeal arches)

Question 45

Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?

Answer 45

middle cranial fossa

Question 46

Where is the geniculate ganglion located?

Answer 46

petrous part of temporal bone

Question 47

Where are the vagal ganglia located?

Answer 47

outside jugular foramen

Question 48

Where are the glossopharyngeal ganglia located?

Answer 48

outside jugular foramen

Question 49

Where is the ciliary ganglion located?

Answer 49

orbit

Question 50

Where is the submandibular ganglion located?

Answer 50

submandibular region

Question 51

Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?

Answer 51

pterygopalatine fossa

Question 52

Where is the otic ganglion located?

Answer 52

infratemporal fossa