Head, Neck, Vertebral Column

Question 1

Name all the bones which contain the paranasal sinuses

Answer 1

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethnoid
Maxilla

Question 2

What bone is the “cheek bone”?

Answer 2

Zygomatic

Question 3

Upper & Lower jaw bones

Answer 3

Upper (max) - Maxilla
Lower- Mandible

Question 4

Name the vertebral regions

Answer 4

1. cercival vertebrae (C1-C7)
2. thoracic vertebrae (T1-T7)
3. Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx

Question 5

Typical vertebra structure (+ their functions)

Answer 5

• Body (anterior) - weight-bearing & forms anterior wall of vertebral foramen
• Vertebral foramen - forms canal for spinal cord
• Vertebral arch -
  
  • permits passage of spinal nerve (adjacent arches form intervertebral foramen)
  • lateral (pedicle) & posterior (lamina) walls for vertebral foramen
• 7 processes - sites of attachment

Question 6

What are the processes of a typical vertebra

Answer 6

• 1 spinous process
• 2 transverse processes
• 4 articular processes:
  
  • 2 superior articular
  • 2 inferior articular

Question 7

What are the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

Answer 7

C1 - Atlas
C2- Axis
C3-6 - Typical
C7- Prominens (base of neck)

Question 8

Cervical vertebrae features

Answer 8

• Oval body - wider at sides
• Large triangular vertebral foramen
• Transverse foramen (for vertebral arteries)
• Spinous process absent in C1, bifid in C2-C6, large non-bifid in C7

Question 9

What is the first vertebra that exhibits a spinous process

Answer 9

C2

Question 10

Distinguishing features of:
cervical vs thoracic vs lumbar vertebrae

Answer 10

Cervical - Transverse foramen (for arteries)
Thoracic - Small, CIRCULAR vertebral foramen
Lumbar - Largest body w. triangle vertebral foramen

Question 11

What nerve innervates facial expression muscles (scalp, face, mouth muscles)

Answer 11

Facial n.

Question 12

What is the muscle of the scalp? and what are its features?

Answer 12

Occipitofrontalis
- Frontal belly and occipital belly joined by epicranial aponeurosis

Question 13

Face Muscles (innervation + function)

Answer 13

Innervation - Facial n.
Orbicularis **Oculi **- Orbits the EYE (blink)
Orbicularis Oris - Orbits the ORAL Mouth (pucker)
Levator anguli oris - paired muscle from orbicularis oris to maxilla

Question 14

Trapezius innervation + insertion

Answer 14

spinal accessory n.
Insertion - spine of scap. + acromion

Question 15

Sternocleidomastoid innervation

Answer 15

Spinal accessory n.

Question 16

What muscles does the spinal accessory n. innervate?

Answer 16

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

Question 17

Mnemonic for the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles

Answer 17

LR6 SO4 AO3

LR = Lateral rectus: innervated by the sixth cranial n.
SO = Superior oblique: innervated by the fourth n.
AO = All other extraocular muscles: innervated by the** third** nerve

Question 18

Name the extraocular muscles + Function & Innervation

Answer 18

• Superior rectus: elevation – CN-III (oculomotor n.)
• Inferior rectus: depression– CN-III
• Lateral rectus: Abduction– CN-VI (abducens)
• Medial rectus: Adduction– CN-III
• Superior oblique: intorsion – CN-IV
• Inferior oblique: extorsion – CN-III
• *Levator palpebrae superioris: elevates the eyelid– CN-III

Question 19

Notable foramens of the skull bones

Answer 19

Mandible - Mental foremens
Maxilla - infra-orbital foremen
Frontal - supra-orbital foramen (sometimes notch)

Triangle on the zygomatic:
- zygomaticofacial foramen
- zygomaticoorbital foramen
- zygomaticotemporal foramen

Question 20

Mastication muscles - identify + function + innervation

Answer 20

Function - elevate mandible
Innervation - mandibular nerve (from cranial n. V - trigeminal n.)
Masseter
Temporalis

Question 21

what is the ear canal called + what bone

Answer 21

Temporal bone - external auditory meatus

Question 22

What landmark divides the anterior and posterior neck triangles

Answer 22

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 22

Anterior neck triangle boundaries

Answer 22

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior border of the mandible
Midline of the neck

Question 23

Posterior neck triangle boundaries

Answer 23

Post. border of sternocleidomastoid
ant. border of trapezius
clavicle

Question 24

Sub-triangles of ANTERIOR triangle

Answer 24

* Submental triangle - (think mental foramen) * Submandibular - (think mandible) * Carotid - contains common carotid a. & internal jugular v. * Muscular

Question 25

sub triangles of POSTERIOR triangle

Answer 25

* Occipital triangle - borders occipital * Subclavian triangle - (Note: not actually below clavicle - but contains subclavian artery, hence the name)

Question 26

Salivary glands (+location)

Answer 26

*ALL PAIRS* **Parotid gland** (near ear) **Submandibular gland** (sub-mandible) Sublingual (sub-tongue) ***NOTE: can't see sublingual on cadaver***

Question 27

What structures pass through the parotid gland?

Answer 27

* Facial nerve (cn VII) * external carotid a. * retromandibular v.

Question 28

What part of the subclavian a. do all branches arise from?

Answer 28

1st part

Question 29

**Only** tributary of subclavian v.

Answer 29

External jugular v.

Question 30

Common carotid arteries origins

Answer 30

Right common carotid a. - Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid a. - direct branch of aortic arch

Question 31

Terminal branches of common carotid a. (+differentiate them)

Answer 31

Internal carotid a. (post., larger) External carotid a. (ant.))

Question 32

# phillip hughes Vertebral arteries: origin, course

Answer 32

* Origin: subclavian a. * Course: 1. ascend up post. neck through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae (only C6-->C1, not C7) 2. Enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum 3. *Left & right vertebral a. merge into basilar a.

Question 33

Omohyoid origin

Answer 33

Scapula

Question 34

Geniohyoid & mylohyoid origin

Answer 34

Mandible

Question 35

Continuation of the internal jugular vein

Answer 35

Joins subclavian v. to form Brachiocephalic vein

Question 36

Where does external jugular v. drain into

Answer 36

subclavian v.

Question 37

Differentiate internal vs external jugular v.

Answer 37

Internal: * deep to sternocleidomastoid * joins subclavian v. to form brachiocephalic v. External: * superificial (courses obliquely) to sternocleidomastoid * drains into subclavian v.

Question 38

Gland near the ear

Answer 38

**Parotid gland** *think parrot - sits on shoulder & nibbles ear*

Question 39

what do the external carotid arteries terminate into?

Answer 39

superficial temporal a. maxillary a.