Head: skull Flashcards
(24 cards)
Name bones found in head and neck
cranium (skull),
mandible,
maxilla
zygomatic bone
nasal bones
lacrimal bones
palatine bones
hyoid bone
cervical vertebrae
and auditory ossicles.
What is meant by neurocranium
he neurocranium refers to the bones of the skull that surround and protect the brain,
Neurocranium bones
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
What is meant by viscerocranium
facial bones that form the structure of the face
Bones of viscerocranium
maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and vomer.
How does a neonatal skull differ from an adult skull?
neonatal skull has fontanelles and sutures that have not yet fully ossified
-allowing for flexibility during childbirth.
adult skull has fully ossified bones without fontanelles and typically has fused cranial sutures.
When does the anterior frontanelle close
between 7 and 18 months
when does posterior frontanelle close
within 2 months of birth.
hat are the major features and structures of the skull from its external aspects, and which aspects are palpable?
external occipital protuberance, mastoid process, zygomatic arches, supraorbital ridges, and nasal bridge
Can you identify and locate the major foramina of the skull and important structures passing through them?
- foramen magnum (spinal cord)
- optic canal (optic nerve),
- foramen ovale (mandibular nerve),
- foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve),
- foramen spinosum (middle meningeal artery).
What are the differences between typical and atypical cervical vertebrae?
Typical cervical vertebrae
-(C3-C6)
-have bifid spinous processes
-and transverse foramina.
Atypical vertebrae
-include C1 (atlas) with no body and C2 (axis)
-with a dens (odontoid process) projecting superiorly from its body.
Where are the frontanelles located in an infant
Frontanelles are located at the junctions of the infant skull bones.
anterior fontanelle
(located at the junction of the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones)
posterior fontanelle
located at the junction of the parietal and occipital bones
What are the three extracranial spaces
temporal fossa (located on the lateral aspect of the skull),
infratemporal fossa (located inferior to the temporal fossa),
pterygopalatine fossa (located deep within the skull, between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone).
What are the names of the frontanelles
- Bregma - membranous anterior
fontanelle in foetal skull - Lambda - membranous posterior
fontanelle in foetal skull
- Frontal suture in the foetal skull
(may persist as the metopic suture)
**Parietal eminences very prominent
Atlanto-occipital joint
- Condylar type of synovial joint
- Function:transfer of weight from head to
neck and to balance the head
on the neck. - Very stable- shape of articular
surfaces and ligaments - upper cervical
flexion/extension - functionally
assessed with nodding
movements
Atlanto-axial joint
-Median: Pivot type of synovial
joint
* Transverse ligament of atlas
holds dens in position.
* Rotatory movements
What structures pass through the major intracranial foramina in the skull
foramen magnum -> the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, meninges, and vertebral arteries
optic canal -. the optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery.
foramen ovale -> the mandibular nerve (CN V3).
foramen rotundum -> the maxillary nerve (CN V2).
foramen spinosum -> the middle meningeal artery and vein.
When does the mastoid process develop in babies
second year
the stylomastoid foramen and the emerging facial
nerve are relatively near the surface
and unprotected
What is a Jefferson fracture?
fracture of the C1 vertebra (atlas) involving the anterior and posterior arches
cause: axial loading or traumatic hyperextension of the neck (car accidents)
fracture may lead to instability of the atlantoaxial joint
-can cause potential compression or injury to the spinal cord or vertebral arteries.
bony fragments ->spinal canal,-> injure the spinal cord or compress it, leading to neurological deficits or paralysis
may damage veterbral artery -> cause stroke ot cerebral ischemia
How would you treat a jefferson fracture
immobilization with a cervical collar or brace, traction,
surgical intervention to stabalise the spine and prevent further damage.
What is a Hangman’s Fracture?
aka traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis,
fracture of the pedicles of C2
cause: hyperextension injury, such as from severe whiplash or diving accidents
How would we diganose and treat a hangmans fracture
CT of the cervical spine.
C-collar immobilization, halo immobilization, or surgical stabalisation depending on displacement, angulation, and fracture stability.
What are the types of skull fractures?
Linear Fracture: A simple, non-displaced fracture line in the skull bone without significant displacement of bone fragments.
Depressed Fracture: A fracture where a portion of the skull bone is pushed inward, causing depression of the bone surface.
Diastatic Fracture: A fracture that occurs along the suture lines of the skull, typically seen in pediatric patients where the sutures have not yet fused.
Comminuted Fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken into multiple fragments.-> can compress or tear dura matter
a fracturw that communicates with lacerayted scalp, paranasal sinus and middle ear is called compund
must be treated surgically
runs risk of infection
