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CABS - Neuro > Headaches > Flashcards

Headaches Flashcards

1
Q

what is included within the limbic system

A

hypothalamus
mammillary bodies
hippocampus
amygdala
arcuate nucleus

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2
Q

what does the limbic system do

A

help with regulation of emotions, hunger clues, learning/memory
tracts help with memory pathways

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3
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

memory, emotion, behavior

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4
Q

what is the function of the mamillary bodies

A

part of the hypothalamus
memory consolidation
olfactory reflexes including smell memory

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5
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus

A

memory processing

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6
Q

what is the function of the amygdala

A

fear, agression, emotions and olfaction

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7
Q

what is the function of arcuate nucleus

A

receives signals, helps with feeding ques

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8
Q

what is CN1 for

A

olfactory - smell

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9
Q

what is CN2

A

optic - vision

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10
Q

what is CN3 for

A

oculomotor
eye motion and eye lid movement

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11
Q

what is CN4

A

Trochlear
superior oblique extra-ocular movement - down and out

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12
Q

what is CN5

A

Trigeminal
from pons to the face and cranial dura
sensory - helps with 3 regions of sensation
Motor - helps with moving mouth, chewing.

cause for migraines

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13
Q

What is CN6

A

Abducens
lateral rectus muscle and sensory for proprioception - helps with lateral muscle

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14
Q

what is CN7

A

facial
Motor: expressions, lacrimal and salivary glands
Sensory: taste buds, anterior tongue

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15
Q

what is CN8

A

vestibulocochlear
balance and hearing

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16
Q

what is CN9

A

glossopharyngeal
motor: salivary glands, pharynx and tongue - helps with speech and cough
sensory: to pharynx, posterior tongue and carotid bulb receptor

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17
Q

what is CN10

A

Vagus
sensory to pharynx
primary efferent parasympathetic nerve that acts on viscer - parasympathetic response

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18
Q

vasovagal syncope

A

may be triggered by high emotions (such as fear or anxiety, pain

trigger occurs causing the afferent limb of the ANS to be engaged

afferent limb will react - parasympathetic response firing causing decrease HR and BP

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19
Q

what is CN11

A

accessory nerve
sensation and motor to sternocleidomastoid
muscle of pharynx and larynx

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20
Q

what is CN12

A

Hypoglossal
motor to tongue and sensory to brain

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21
Q

what are the different types of pain

A

somatic/cutaneous pain
deep somatic pain
visceral pain
psychogenic pain

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22
Q

what is somatic or cutaneous pain

A

arises from nociceptive receptors in the skin and mucous membranes
superficial pain
feels like sharp, burning, pricking and is constant
fast or slow onset

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23
Q

what is deep somatic pain

A

stems from tendons, muscles, joints, periosteum and blood vessels

24
Q

what is visceral pain

A

originates from internal organs: pelvis, abdomen, chest and intestines
activates nociceptor of the viscera
poorly localized and is an achy and dull sensation
visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretching, ischemia and inflammation but insensitive to other stimuli that normally provoke pain

25
what is psychogenic pain
individuals "feel" pain but cause is emotional rather than physical
26
what is pain associated within the head
traction inflammation pressure/displacement of arteries meningeal irritation sinus pain muscle spasms
27
what is nucal regidity
neck stiffness - meningitis bend their head down and is causes visceral response
28
why do headaches occur
due to nociceptive neurons within the trigeminal, vagus or glossopharyngeal cranial nerves within the upper cervical roots becoming depolarized
29
what are cluster headaches characterized by
deep pain that is burning, stabbing or lancinating pain pain can be excruciating: patients may even consider suicide
30
what is the common patient population for cluster headaches
Males > females autosomal dominant inheritance pattern 1st degree relative cluster headache increases risk by 5-18x
31
what are risk factors of cluster headaches
tobacco use, family history of headache, head injury, shift work
32
what are triggers for cluster headaches
sleep apnea, food containing nitrates, nail varnish, petroleum, vasodilators (nitroglycerin, alcohol, histamine)
33
what is the pathophysiology of cluster headaches
not completely understood but leads to trigeminal activation functional MRI suggests that hypothalamus involved - opioid system involved and parasympathetic involvement
34
what are the typical signs of clusterheadaches
lacrimation, ipsilateral forehead or facial flushing or sweating, ipsilateral nasal discharge, affected eye red with dilated conjunctival injection; restlessness and or packing/rocking head in hands
35
Migraines
lasts 4-72 hours may or may not have aura vascular edema
36
what is scotomata
visual scintillations - transient, fully reversible, colorful flashing lights or dark spots
37
what is the location of a migrane
unilateral 50% of the time, but can be frontal
38
what are the characteristics of migraines
pulsating, throbbing headache or dull, ache-type headache
39
what are provaocative meausures for migraines
physical activity - walking/climbing stairs
40
what are the positive effects of caffeine
increase attention and alterness, decreased fatigue lower risk of cardiovascular disease lower risk of diabetes increased metabolic rate
41
what are the negative effects of caffeine
anxiety increased vasoconstriction and blood pressure reduced control of fine motor movements stimulation of urination
42
what is a tension headache
Aka TTH (tension-type headache) band headache often associated with neck pain often associated with muscle spasms
43
what is a sinus headache
mucosal inflammation of paranasal sinuses and nasal mucosa - typically co-inflamed sinus ostia irritation and edema
44
how is the maxillary sinus connected
via hiatus semilunaris at the roof of the sinus
45
what is sinusitis pathophysiology
most commonly associated with viral URI edema/inflammation mucus production obstruction of sinus outflow tract stagnant fluid and overgrowth of bacteria
46
what are the symptoms of sinus headaches
sinus "aching" pain or pressure, increases wtih bending forward, mastication and with bending forwards; purulent discharge or green nasal discharge
47
what is the most common cause of sinus headache
viral infection - rhinovirus is the msto common rarely bacterial - 2 weeks of symptoms
48
what is an exertional headache
brought on by exercise - need to ensure no other underlying pathology i.e. TBI, CAH, mass, Chiari malformation, pheochromocytoma
49
what is chiari malformation
congenital deformation condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. It occurs when part of the skull is misshapen or smaller than is typical, pressing on the brain and forcing it downward
50
what is a phenochyromocytoma
adrenal tumor - elevates BP due to hormonal changes
51
what is the pathophysiology of exertional headache
not completely known 1. release of neuroinflammatory chemicals 2. dysregulation of vasoactive neurotransmitters that control pain pathways
52
what is the presentation of exertional headache
usually unilateral with moderate-to-severe pain that is pulsating in nature - patient may also have N/C=V, scotomas, and photophobia
53
what is a menstraul headache
estrogen withdrawal and/or prostaglandin release change in levels - change in neuronal networks associated with pain trigeminal vascular system activated - proinflammatory changes
54
what are the symptoms of menstrual headaches
onset 2 days prior to menses and will last until final days of menses may be acoompanied with fatigue, acne, joint pain, decreased urination, constipation and or lack of coordination
55
what is an overuse headache
a vicious circle of medication over use - more medications -> more headaches -> more medications -> more headaches associated with overuse of HA medication - 15+ days per month
56
what is the pathophysiology of overuse headaches
genetic predisposition develop central sensitization with chronic use of medications, there is bigger change in neurotransmitter receptors (decreased inhibitory pathways and increase perceived discomfort)

CABS - Neuro (15 decks)

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